历史上的"官商":一个经济学分析

本文通过分析中国西汉王朝的政治经济状况,揭示了古代社会"官商合一"制度的普遍性实源于赋税之于国家稳定的重要意义。古代政府用"行政效率"替代"经济效率"并追求最大化,因而用"官商合一"的制度安排取代"民间自由经商",其目的在于巩固皇权的权力基础,解决财政危机。此外,古代中国社会"重农抑商"政策乃是"官商合一"的制度安排在土地私有制下逻辑的自然延伸。     

历史上的"官商":一个经济学分析

该文通过分析中国西汉王朝的政治经济状况,揭示了古代社会"官商合一"制度的普遍性实源于赋税之于国家稳定的重要意义.古代政府用"行政效率"替代"经济效率"并追求最大化,因而用"官商合一"的制度安排取代"民间自由经商",其目的在于巩固皇权的权力基础,解决财政危机.此外,古代中国社会"重农抑商"政策乃是"官商合一"的制度安排在土地私有制下逻辑的自然延伸.     

历史上的“官商”：一个经济学分析

本通过分析中国西汉王朝的政治经济状况，揭示了古代社会“官商合一”制度的普遍性实源于赋税之于国家稳定的重要意义。古代政府用“行政效率”替代“经济效率”并追求最大化，因而用“官商合一”的制度安排取代“民间自由经商”，其目的在于巩固皇权的权力基础，解决财政危机。此外，古代中国社会“重农抑商”政策乃是“官商合一”的制度安排在土地私有制下逻辑的自然延伸。     

我国民间融资对正规金融及宏观经济的影响

随着我国经济的快速发展,我国中小企业的数量不断增长,促进了民间融资的蓬勃发展,但是由于缺乏相应的监管与制度,使得我国民间融资存在着许多问题,给国家宏观调控带来诸多困难。文章简述了民间融资的基本情况,对我国民间融资的表现形式、产生背景以及发展现状进行了阐述,分析了我国民间融资活跃对正规金融业务活动的影响。针对这些影响,提出了民间融资的发展与金融政策的改革的措施。     

贫困山区的横向联合开发需要纵向支持和引导

一 党的改革开放政策实施以来,在打破条块分割基础上开展起来的横向经济联合有了突飞猛进的发展。贫困山区的横向经济技术协作起步较晚,但也出现了可喜的局面,有效地冲破了山区封闭性的自然经济格局,发展了社会主义有计划的商品经济,贫穷落后面貌正在发生着变化。另一方面,经济联合与协作的发展遵循的是互惠互利、自由结合的原则,而贫困山区由于受自然的、历史的和人为的因素制约,横向经济的发展出     

民间资本入主城市基建产业探索

随着中国经济的高速发展和城市化进程的加快，城市基建领域也显得空前繁荣和忙碌，但是在基建项目的反融资中，一些问题不断凸显，本对这些问题做出了阐述，论证了基建领域引入民间资本及民间投资主体的必要性和可行性，最后提出了引入民间资本的途径及政策建议。     

政府主导下“工商资本下乡”的配置与监管

“十一五”以来,中央出台了多个文件,鼓励工商资本“上山下乡”,参与农村经济建设.但由于政府引导和监管的长期缺位,工商资本下乡在为农村经济发展带来积极影响的同时也带来了潜在的隐患.立足我国工商资本下乡这一现状,本文分析了其对农村经济发展的影响,并着重探讨了在政府监管缺位情况下,工商资本下乡所引发的与民争权,与民争利,后续投资不足,盲目投资等问题,同时针对这些问题提出了乡镇政府应该在工商资本下乡中积极发挥主导作用,在土地流转“三不”前提下,加强对工商资本的合理配置和监管的政策建议.     

略叙香港的经济政策

殖民地统治者为了避免殖民地成为宗主国经济的负担,必须致力于发展经济,这是殖民地政策的传统趋向,历届港英政府的统治政策也是如此。香港从被英占领开始,就被宣布为自由港,此后港英政府的各项基本经济政策便是在自由港政策和自由开放的经济体制的基础上逐步发展和形成的。战后英国已失去昔日大帝国的权威,香港经济上的相对独立性更为明显。1958年,英国政府开始放宽对香港的财政控制,特别是1972年香港脱离英镑区。     

民间借贷对社会经济的抑制及对策

民间借贷对企业的发展,特别是中小企业的发展发挥了重要作用。随着民间借贷规模的提升,其所呈现出的问题也在与日俱增,对社会经济发展的抑制作用也在凸显。因此,揭露民间借贷对经济的抑制因素,并以此为基础提出应对策略对我国社会经济的发展具有重大意义。     

论王符的农工商各有本末论

农本工商末论,是商鞅韩非等先秦法家学派首先提出来的。到秦汉时期,它在封建经济思想和国家经济政策中取得了完全的统治地位。就是当时对抑商表示不满,曾极力称颂商业,为商人树碑立传的司马迁,也没有跳出农本工商末论的框子,他也仍然把农业称为本业,把工商业称为末业。农业是封建经济之本,是最重要的生产部门,而工商业则是末业,是封建经济中次要的从属的部门,这在当时已经成为天经地义,不说自明的公理,为人们所公认。 封建的农本工商末思想形成于封建制度上升时期。当时封建制度还是一个新生的制度,地主阶级还是一个革命的阶级。农本工商末思想作为新的封建经济关系的直接反映,对于促进这种新的经济关系的     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.