失业认识的四大误区

误区之一:认为只有资本主义社会存在失业,社会主义社会不存在失业。长期以来,人们一直把失业作为资本主义制度的一大特征加以批判,把完全就业、消灭失业(实际上失业并没有消灭)作为社会主义的优越性加以宣传。其实,失业是劳动力处于非就业——找不到工作或不愿意接受工作的一种状态。失业有摩擦性失业、周期性失业和结构性失业之分。摩擦性失业是由于人们在不同地区、职业或生命周期的不同阶段不停地变动工作而引起的。周期性失业是因为经济增长本身具有周期性,伴随着经济的高涨和衰退,不断地吸纳和排放劳动力,在     

中国城镇失业现状的对策与措施

目前失业状况的特征1、总量矛盾、结构矛盾与素质矛盾并存。我国劳动力供求的总量矛盾相当突出。就农业而言,我国目前约有从业人员3.2亿,而我国的耕地面积约19.5亿亩,每个农业劳动力平均耕种6亩地。目前,美国、加拿大、法国、德国、澳大利亚等国农业人口不到该国人口总量的5％,而每个农业劳动力平均耕地面积则高达160亩-1700亩之间。     

新疆城镇反贫困中的失业保障制度安排

随着“八七扶贫攻坚计划”的完成,新疆农村绝对贫困人口问题已基本解决,而城镇贫困人口问题又日趋严重,职工失业型贫困人群已构成新疆城镇贫困阶层的主体。本文分析了新疆失业保障制度与反贫困之间的关系,认为当前新疆失业保障制度主要存在覆盖面窄、区域收支不平衡等问题,从而未能对新疆城镇贫困人口提供充分的保障。因此,只有健全就业机制,完善现有失业保障制度,才能加快新疆城镇反贫困的步伐。     

我国城镇失业保障制度的改革与完善

失业保障制度作为一项最大限度地保障公民应有的就业权利的基本制度，对于促进经济发展和社会稳定发挥着十分重要的作用。由于失业问题越来越成为困扰我国经济发展和社会安定的重大难题，失业保障制度的进一步完善也越来越显示出其重要的理论和现实意义。     

中国对外贸易与城镇失业关系的实证分析

本文利用1978～2005年的年度数据,采用协整分析技术、误差修正模型和多变量Granger因果关系检验方法,检验了我国出口、进口、城镇失业人口之间的关系。实证分析结果表明,出口、进口、城镇失业人口之间存在唯一的协整关系;同时存在两个方向的Granger因果关系:进口增长是出口增长的原因;进口增长是城镇失业增加的原因,我国在制订贸易政策与就业政策时须注意三者的协调,以促进经济的增长。     

新形势下城镇下岗失业人员再就业培训研究

城镇下岗失业人员就业再就业解决的好坏,关系到社会的稳定和经济的发展。解决城镇下岗失业人员就业问题,要加强对他们的再就业教育和培训。文章详细分析了城镇下岗失业人员的现状,结合就业再就业培训的问题和难点,提出了相应的教育对策。     

关于我国现行失业统计制度的几点认识

近年来,我国失业问题逐渐浮出水面,我国失业统计调查相对薄弱的现状也显露出来。改善失业统计成为近年来人们讨论的一个热点问题。 对现行失业统计调查制度的争议点及笔者观点 目前,我国统计失业情况的方法主要有两种:一种是劳动部门于1978年建立的失业登记制度;另一种是以国家统计局为主,1996年以来逐步建立的城镇劳动力抽样调查制度。我国目前正式公布是城镇登记失业人数和失业率。     

Emerging Urban Poverty and Effects of the Dibao Program on Alleviating Poverty in China

The present paper describes the current urban poverty situation,examines the factors affecting the probability of a household being in poverty and investigates how the urban minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program helps poor people to get out of poverty. The targeting efficiency of the urban dibao program is discussed. The present study finds that the poverty rate of households with unemployed workers is much higher than that of households without unemployed workers. The urban dibao program is helpful in reducing poverty rates,but it does not reduce poverty rates too much. The government should place emphasis on helping laid-off and unemployed workers to become reemployed. The most urgent problem for the dibao program is improving the efficiency of targeting.     

Unemployment, Poverty and Income Disparity in Urban China

This paper studies the issues of unemployment and poverty that have been appearing recently in urban China. It estimates the urban unemployment rate, poverty rate and income disparity using a new sample survey data set. Meanwhile, it analyzes the relationship between unemployment and poverty, and the effects of poverty on urban inequality. The main findings are that: (i) the urban unemployment rate reached 11.6% in 1999 and was a major cause of urban poverty; (ii) growing urban poverty is becoming the significant source of worsening urban inequality; and (iii) migrant households have an increasing influence on urban poverty and the pattern of urban income distribution. The paper concludes that urban income distribution has worsened since 1995, and urban unemployment and poverty are the major factors in this worsening.     

失业保险制度的差异性分析及就业启示

失业保险制度是现代社会保障制度的重要组成部分,它与社会发展中就业的增加和失业的抑制密切相关,它的定位和价值取向的异同,关系到社会的发展和稳定,不同的制度定位,其内在含义和社会效果不同,它是各个组成部分的综合反映。本文从各国失业保险发展的功能和定位转变出发,阐述了失业保险制度的差异性,分析了我国失业保险制度存在的问题,最终从中获取激励就业、抑制失业的启示。     

失业保险是否会造成长期失业?运用生存模型对青岛市失业者的经验研究

西方关于失业保险与失业持续时间关系的理论和经验研究表明,失业保险的存在会延长失业者的失业持续时间．造成长期失业。本文应用我国青岛市失业登记数据。对青岛市失业保险如何影响失业持续时间进行了经验研究。通过对失业持续时间的寿命表估计和Cox回归发现。青岛市享受失业保险者的失业持续时间要明显长于不享受失业保险者,并且在享受失业保险者当中。享受24个月失业保险者要比享受12个月失业保险者有着更长的失业持续时间;另外,失业者的再就业风险率在失业期内是动态变化的。这说明。我国的失业保险制度同样对失业者的再就业行为具有负激励效应．延长了失业持续时间。     

Economic transition and the determinants of self-employment in urban China: 2007–2013

Abstract

Why was there a large growth in self-employment in urban China during the economic transition period? There are two hypotheses proposed to answer this: the disguised unemployment hypothesis that there is no opportunity to access the formal sector to gain better work, and the business creation hypothesis that successful business owners create new jobs for others, new business opportunities, and many innovative new products for society, as pointed out in previous studies. Using CHIP2007 and CHIP2013, this paper tests the two hypotheses. The main conclusions are as follows: First, generally, utilizing the imputed wage premiums, which were used in previous studies, the business creation hypothesis is rejected; the disguised unemployment hypothesis is supported for both the local urban resident and the migrant groups in 2007 and 2013. Second, the results that utilized the new wage premiums based on the imputed employee wages in the private sector show that the business creation hypothesis is supported when a worker chose to become an employer for both the migrant group and the local urban resident group in 2013. Third, the business creation hypothesis is relevant for the older generation group of local urban residents in 2013.     

Discrepancy between Registered and Actual Unemployment Rates in China： An Investigation inProvincial Capital Cities

The unemployment rate is a key indicator of labor market and economic performance. Based on a unique survey, we estimate the unemployment rate at 13.44percent in 30 provincial capital cities in China in 2007, which is well above the officially announced registered unemployment rate. The discrepancy results from inaccuracy in the calculation of registered unemployment. The discrepancy is not stably evolving across regions or over the years, making it difficult to recover the true unemployment rate using a simple multiplier approach. We further investigate the sources of the discrepancy by examining the determinants of unemployment registration. It is evident that participation in certain public activities, which would facilitate the spread of knowledge related to job-searching and unemployment registration, encouraged unemployment registration. Social attention to government antiunemployment programs also encouraged unemployment registration. These findings confirm the behavioral hypothesis that incomplete knowledge and limited attention can cause deviation from optimal choice. The policy implications of the findings of the study are discussed.     

现行农村经营体制存在的问题与改革探索

下岗失业问题已成为全国关注的焦点。在认识我国存在失业的基础上 ,承认市场经济下失业的必然性 ,充分认识和利用适度失业的积极作用 ,对于资源优化配置 ,提高劳动者及全社会素质 ,促进经济和社会健康稳定发展意义重大。     

大学生就业市场的失衡与保障选择

在市场经济发展的历史上,就业市场供需失衡的事例并非罕见。而当今大学毕业生面临的就业市场风险是前所未有的。如果现有的社会保障制度能够承受大学毕业生供大于求的状况,亦即现有的社会保障制度能够使得失业的大学生不至于影响社会安定,则市场的调节作用将是有效的。而目前的失业救济和失业保险制度都可以暂时解决他们的就业危机,但两类保障模式存在着差异性。文章从当前就业市场失衡的现状入手,论证了将大学生纳入失业保险优于失业救济的保障选择。     

新中国60年失业保险发展的历程及思考

新中国成立以来,我国失业保险的发展历程是曲折的,中间经历了新中国成立初期的失业救济、计划经济时期统包统分的传统就业政策,到20世纪80年代中后期的待业保险制度、下岗职工基本生活保障制度以及现行的失业保险制度的演变过程。重新回顾60年来我国失业保险的发展历程,总结其经验、教训,对我们缓解失业风险、促进就业有着积极的意义。