略论认知视阈下的隐喻能力

作为一种认知方式,隐喻正向目前英语教学提出严峻挑战,有关＂认知视阈下隐喻能力＂的命题探讨将一改以往许多作者对隐喻分析的出发点和落脚点囿于修辞层面的做法,从认知的角度出发,让教师们对英语教学能有一个深刻、正确、全面的认识,即隐喻能力的培养以及通过常规隐喻概念输入目标语文化背景知识的做法应被视为英语教学中不可或缺的一部分,它将大大提高英语教师认识语言和教学本质的水平。     

隐喻在大学英语教学中的应用及启示

隐喻能力是一种与语言教学尤其是与外语教学密切相关的实际语言运用能力。因此在外语教学中引导学生掌握目标语言文化里的隐喻性认知机制,并在语言交际中运用隐喻和创造隐喻,符合外语教学的目标、内容和层次。隐喻能力在大学英语教学中应在词汇教学、阅读教学、文化教学三个方面发挥主要作用。同时,隐喻的认知功能对学生语言能力的影响是多方面的。可从隐喻的认知功能角度对学生进行训练,使学生透过表面的语言现象,捕捉其中的文化信息,培养学生对隐喻的认知功能敏锐的捕捉力和隐喻化的表达能力。     

韩·汉空间形容词“远/近(??/???)”的隐喻认知对比

空间隐喻在人类的认知活动中扮演了不可或缺的角色,许多抽象概念都是通过空间隐喻才得以构建.通过从认知语言学的角度,系统地对比分析空间形容词“远(??)、近(???)”的空间概念在汉韩两种语言中的隐喻投射,结果发现,韩汉两种语言中“远、近”的隐喻投射主要集中在时间域、程度域、情感/态度域、知识/智力域,两者表现出一种“同异并存”的关系     

隐喻对英语词汇教学的启示

隐喻是自然语言中普遍存在的现象，隐喻是可以带来词汇的语义变化，在不同的环境下，就会有不同的含义，就会促成语言的不断前进和发慰而且从隐喻的学习中可以掌握很多认知的规律，打破传统学习的瓶颈，是一种很好的英语词汇学习方法。     

隐喻认知与英语阅读教学

隐喻不属于纯语言范畴,而属于认知范畴。隐喻认知具有普遍性与文化特殊性,映射性与动态性,体验性与创造性的特点。语言就其本质来说是隐喻的,概念隐喻观的最新成果已令人信服地证实了隐喻在语言中的普遍性和核心性,但隐喻对外语教学的启示研究仍十分薄弱,学术刊物鲜有讨论隐喻理论对语言教学的指导作用和应用价值。本文在探讨隐喻认知特点的基础上,提倡将其应用到英语阅读教学中去,在教学中鼓励学生运用隐喻思维,以提升其隐喻能力。     

浅谈语境对隐喻的作用

隐喻不仅是一种修辞手法,也是一种语用现象.对隐喻的理解是一个复杂的过程,它是建立在对语境理解的基础上完成的.     

英汉俗谚中的隐喻比较及其差异根源

隐喻是我们赖以生存的一种语言现象和认知模式,它受社会文化背景影响,表现出明显的文化特征。从英汉隐喻的来源入手,通过对英汉一些常见的动、植物词汇和人体词汇隐喻的实例分析及其差异根源的探究,可以揭示英汉隐喻现象所折射出来的不同民族文化心理及其对跨文化交际的影响。     

英汉俗谚中的隐喻比较及其差异根源

隐喻是我们赖以生存的一种语言现象和认知模式,它受社会文化背景影响,表现出明显的文化特征。从英汉隐喻的来源入手,通过对英汉一些常见的动、植物词汇和人体词汇隐喻的实例分析及其差异根源的探究,可以揭示英汉隐喻现象所折射出来的不同民族文化心理及其对跨文化交际的影响。     

隐喻的文化差异与外语教学

隐喻是语言的基本特征,是人类基本的认知工具,它普遍存在于我们的语言运用之中,但是由于各种语言的文化背景不同,隐喻的运用也存在着差异。在外语教学中教师应该帮助语言学习者了解不同文化对语言的影响,从而增强跨文化意识,把隐喻有效地导入到我们的语言教学中,提高教学效果。     

概念隐喻理论与概念合成理论之比较

隐喻是中西方学者研究的热点问题。从多学科、多角度涌现出了许多隐喻研究理论,其中从认知语言学角度出发的隐喻研究理论影响广泛,而又以概念隐喻理论和概念合成理论为代表。概念隐喻理论和概念合成理论在研究目的和范围、基本理论术语以及转喻这三个方面既有相同点又有不同点,这两种解释理论都揭示了隐喻的某些特征,它们之间互相重叠、各有侧...     

Metaphor as fundamental to future discourse

In a time of information overload, increasing invasiveness, and questionable strategic coherence for individuals and collectivities, the question is whether metaphors have an especially important role to play. Thinking and engaging otherwise through metaphor therefore merits particular consideration. The argument focuses on the possibility of a meta-strategy by reframing the interweaving of themes through emerging implications of “meta” and “para”. This should enable forms of self-reflexive dialogue in “parameta space” to be envisaged.     

概念语法隐喻与大学英语写作教学

英语写作是很多中国大学生英语学习中的弱项,如何能够使学生用词准确而又写出合乎英语语言表达的英文是英语教师应关注的问题。以韩礼德系统功能理论中的概念语法隐喻对英语写作过程中的选词、组句和成篇进行概念语法隐喻的分析,旨在提高学生英语写作水平,培养学生英语思维能力,并指出该理论有助于大学英语写作教学。     

大链条隐喻:理解与反思

为解释熟语的工作和理解机制，Lakoff和Turner提出了大链条隐喻。大链条隐喻是由“一般是具体”隐喻、存在大链条、事物本质、量的准则四部分构成的复合体。我们认为该隐喻具有两个源域、两个靶域和三种映射。在理解该隐喻模式时应注意三个问题：一、“一般是具体”在三种映射关系中只能说明其中一种；二、存在大链条只在理解某些熟语的内容时起作用，不能说明大链条隐喻的源域和靶域的分布情况；三、“一般是具体”的隐喻身份值得怀疑。     

Accounting for long-tail asbestos liabilities: Metaphor and meaning

This paper examines the different meanings of the ‘long-tail’ metaphor in the corporate environment. Using the case study of James Hardie Industries, this paper analyses the disclosure of corporate long-tail liabilities arising from asbestos operations under different regulatory frameworks. This analysis demonstrates the long-tail metaphor is redefined and reshaped in accounting discourse to fit with extant reporting frameworks rather than representing any legally enforceable claim or future liability. It also demonstrates that, as well as functioning symbolically to enable understanding of complex phenomena, the long-tail metaphor can be harnessed as a tool to objectify financial risks and justify corporate strategy.     

Heart of the dragon: Metaphor use in futures thinking in Taiwan

This article explores metaphors in the teaching of futures studies in Taiwan. Metaphors are divided into those that describe current reality and those that describe the future. For instance, the metaphor of the gold fish is used by students to illustrate the short attention span of the people, which attributed to recurring societal crises. A transformative metaphor example is for the library—from a fort that passively awaits worships to fire that actively passes knowledge to people. The article concludes with the benefits of using metaphors in futures thinking.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.