可再生能源利用有“六大瓶颈”

我国有丰富的水力、风能和太阳能等可再生能源，但目前却难以有效开发利用，原因何在?全国人大环资委副主任委员冯之浚日前坦言：有“六大瓶颈”。     

意大利可再生能源利用白皮书

随着1997年12月11日京都议定书的签署,在欧盟应承担的温室气体减排计划中,意大利承担了6．5％的任务。1998年11月25－28日意大利召开了全国能源大会,并公布了意大利可再生能源利用白皮书,制订了跨世纪的能源发展政策,也为意大利履行减排任务。带动经济增长以及创造新的就业机会带来了新的机遇。下面简要介绍该白皮书的内容。目标意大利可再生能源的总目标是：到2010年成倍提高可再生能源在国家能源预算中的贡献,使国家可再生能源的生产水平从1996年的12．73Mtep（百万吨当量油）,提高到23．gMtep,其中发电为门．84Mtep,热利用和…     

希腊可再生能源现状

可再生能源的利用情况太阳能主要用于家庭热水供应。据统计,全欧洲的太阳能热水器的30％集中在希腊。希腊太阳能热水器的产量占欧洲的50％,其产品占德国市场20％以上的份额。1998年全希腊安装的太阳能集热器总面积达250万平方米。其中95％以上为热虹吸型热水器。这种太阳能热水器多采用2．4平方米的平板集热器。储水量150升,内装3－4千瓦的电加热器,每年可节电1500千瓦小时。约4年可收回成本。希腊全国约80万户居民安装了热水器,约占家庭总数20％不到。这个数字说明希腊太阳能的开发和利用还处于较低水平,仍有相当的潜力。塞浦路斯和…     

意大利能源概况及可再生能源的开发和利用

意大利能源非常短缺,石油和天然气储量严重不足,煤矿已经关闭,核能禁止使用,电力仍需依靠进口。据意大利新技术能源与环境委员会（ENEA）最新统计,2007年意能源对外依存度为85．6％,远远超出欧盟的平均水平。本文详细介绍了意大利传统能源的生产、进口及消费情况,同时对意大利可再生能源的开发利用也做了详尽的分析。     

新能源和可再生能源的开发和利用分析

能源是现代经济发展的基石,节约能源,开发利用新能源具有重大的战略意义.本文拟从我国能源开发与利用的背景出发,分析新能源与可再生能源的开发与利用,促进经济的可持续发展.     

荷兰政府积极支持可再生能源的开发与利用

荷兰规模性的可再生能源开发利用始于20世纪80年代,进入20世纪90年代以来,随着京都议定书的签订以及对能源安全战略的考虑,荷兰政府对可再生能源发展采取了积极的支持态度,出台了一系列的政策法规,制订了可再生能源发展目标,加大了对可再生能源的投入力度。1.制定了可再生能源的发展目标到2010年,可再生能源占年基础能源消费的5%,占电力消费的9%;到2020年,可再生能源占能源消费的10%,占电力消费的17%。可再生能源发展的主要形式为电力,重点是生物质能和风能。涉及可再生能源的开发和利用的政府部门有四个:经济部,主管发展规划、技术开发、项…     

浅析农村可持续发展与可再生能源

随着环境污染问题和能源危机的日益加剧,对能源的需求量又急剧上升,对可再生能源进行开发利用受到越来越多的国家重视,并取得显著的经济、社会和环境效益。另外,面对我国发展迅速的经济浪潮,传统能源的供需矛盾已经显现。所以,未来我国农村能源可持续发展的必然选择就是可再生能源的大力发展。本文分析了目前我国农村能源供应中存在的问题及全球能源供需情况,指出了对我国可再生能源加强开发利用的迫切性,提出可再生能源的利用、开发与发展的对策、现状、问题以及前景。     

欧盟重视发展可再生能源

欧盟的能源状况是需求大于供给,目前50%的能源依赖进口,据估测到2030年欧盟的能源将有70%依赖进口。因此,自上世纪90年代以来欧盟加大了对可再生能源的研究和发展力度。若干年后,欧盟依靠可再生能源从根本上解决其能源紧缺问题也许会真的变为现实。主要原因欧盟之所以将发展可再生能源特别是风能、水能、太阳能和生物能列为其能源政策的重中之重,主要是基于下列几方面的考虑。1.开发利用可再生能源有利于减少温室气体——二氧化碳的排放量,这也是欧盟保护环境的一个重要目标。2.增加可再生能源的比重有利于可持续发展。3.开发可再生能源有利…     

欧盟可再生能源开发计划简述

1992年巴西里约热内卢联合国环境与发展大会之后,世界各国政府、国际机构普遍采取积极行动,制订各自的可持续发展计划,承担自己的国际义务,为建设一个无公害的、清洁的国际环境而共同奋斗。欧盟为了承担自己应尽的国际义务,于1993年制订了欧盟可持续发展计划,以后又制定了焦耳计划(JOULE)、兆卡计划(THERMIE)和ALTENER计划,调动其成员国科研机构和企业,共同开发可再生能源技术,全面开展可再生能源技术推广和示范活动。     

Regulatory design and incentives for renewable energy

Increasing electric power production from renewable energy sources is currently one of the major objectives of energy policy. The intermittent nature of renewables, such as wind and solar, necessarily imposes complex trade-offs for regulatory objectives, such as resource adequacy (and system reliability) versus reductions in green house gas emissions. We develop a highly stylized model of investments in order to derive insights regarding the workings of regulatory incentives for increased renewable energy. We first show that incentives are indeed needed when there are significant economies of scale in the form of “learning by doing” or alternatively, when there is excess capacity in conventional technology due to legacy investments. We analyze two different regulatory schemes (feed-in tariffs and renewable portafolio standards) aimed at increasing investment in renewable capacity. We show that neither scheme is capable of inducing the socially optimal level of investment in renewable capacity. A single feed-in tariff fails to induce optimal investment as a feed-in tariff exceeding marginal costs of conventional technology incentivizes over-development of the most attractive sites which preempts investment in less attractive, yet socially valuable sites. A renewable portfolio standard that promotes increased investment in renewable technology induces under-investment in the conventional technology. These results suggest that a “clinical” regulatory design, that is, one that promotes the right amount of renewable capacity without affecting conventional capacity is a challenging proposition.     

On the functioning of a capacity market with an increasing share of renewable energy

Journal of Regulatory Economics - Capacity auctions with reliability options are seen as a promising possibility to reduce the investment risk for electricity generators as well as to set...     

旅游业可持续发展与旅游文化资源的开发与利用

旅游文化不论是从旅游研究的三大领域来看,还是从旅游业可持续发展来看,它都是旅游业可持续发展之“魂”。中国旅游业要持续发展就应弘扬民族文化,开发丰富的文化旅游资源。总之,只有合理开发和利用好旅游文化资源,把未来旅游吸引力放在自然与文化有机结合的方向上,中国旅游业才能实现可持续发展。     

Rural versus urban preferences for renewable energy developments

Development of renewable energy resources, such as wind farms and hydro-electric schemes, are being promoted as a new method of expanding and diversifying employment in rural areas. However, such energy projects are associated with a range of environmental impacts which might be detrimental to other economic activities, such as those based on nature tourism. The authors use a Choice Experiment to quantify peoples' preferences over environmental and employment impacts that may result from the deployment of renewable energy projects in rural areas of Scotland, focussing in particular on any differences between the preferences of urban and rural dwellers, and on heterogeneity within these groups. Rural and urban households are shown to have different welfare gains which are dependent on the type of renewable energy technology and on the scale of project under consideration.     

Subsidies for renewable energy in inflexible power markets

This paper analyses how short-term operational efficiency and the \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) emissions of a power system depend on different subsidies for wind power and on the flexibility of the power system. This is analysed in the framework of a numerical power market model, calibrated to Danish data, where the start-up costs and other constraints in fossil-fuelled power plants are taken into account. The main conclusion is that flexibility is crucial for the costs of integrating wind power in an existing system. If thermal power plants are inflexible, subsidies for wind power should strive to increase the flexibility of the market by passing market signals to wind power. A subsidy that conceals market signals from wind power producers (a production subsidy) or disconnects wind power incentives from the market signals altogether (a fixed price) increases costs considerably. An inflexible power system should aim to introduce optimal subsidies (an investment subsidy) instead of production subsidies or a fixed price. The design of the subsidy scheme should take into account both the characteristics of the existing system and the characteristics of renewables.     

Political construction and control of technology: wave-power renewable energy technologies

Recognizing that gouernment-sponsored research, development and demonstration (R,D&D) is a rentral factor in the construction of new technologies, this paper analyzes selected aspects of the relationships between government officials, 'private' businesses and technologists, within the process of technolog development. Building on precious zoork in the social construction of technology tradition for example, of Hughes, Pinch and Biker) and in technology policy and decision-making theoy (for example, of Collingridge and Morone and Woodhouse), and using the case of wave-power R&D in the UK; the paper identifies characteristics of embryonic technological artefacts and their institutional contexts which tend to bias the socio-political construction process. The key to the paper is the extent to which such distortions lead to unwise, uneconomical and/or unfair innovations or hinder learning about seemingly inflexible technologies, which could help to reduce their complexity, scale or cost.     

New technology and restructuring in the UK energy industry: the case of renewable energy

Among the justijcations for the UK government's electricity privatization programme was the suggestion that it would stimulate the development of a range of new supply options, including the UK's extensive renewable energy resource. This paper assesses the prospects for renewable energy technologies i n the UK after privatization. It finds that there is enthusiasm for renewables, but that the market alone will not stimulate renewables effectively or develop them appropriately, and that state support and regulation will be necessary.     

Political construction and control of technology: wave-power renewable energy technologies

Recognizing that gouernment-sponsored research, development and demonstration (R,D&D) is a rentral factor in the construction of new technologies, this paper analyzes selected aspects of the relationships between government officials, ‘private’ businesses and technologists, within the process of technolog development. Building on precious zoork in the social construction of technology tradition for example, of Hughes, Pinch and Biker) and in technology policy and decision-making theoy (for example, of Collingridge and Morone and Woodhouse), and using the case of wave-power R&D in the UK; the paper identifies characteristics of embryonic technological artefacts and their institutional contexts which tend to bias the socio-political construction process. The key to the paper is the extent to which such distortions lead to unwise, uneconomical and/or unfair innovations or hinder learning about seemingly inflexible technologies, which could help to reduce their complexity, scale or cost.