不同环境规制下基于微分博弈的供应链低碳协调策略研究

针对制造商及零售商的低碳行为,建立微分博弈模型,研究市场、政府和供应链三种环境规制下成员的最优策略。结果表明:不同环境规制下,制造商低碳投入、零售商促销努力及双方所得利润之间存在差异,且以供应链为基础时可实现最大化。进一步通过灵敏度分析,得出不同环境规制下,产品绿色度、商誉及成员利润都随时间的推移显著增加但增加速率不同;不同环境规制比较下,政府及制造商补贴都能促进成员利润的增加,但其差异增加速率不同。说明政府及制造商补贴分别在不同环境规制下起作用,因此,政府环境规制下制造商应做出更大的低碳投入努力,而供应链环境规制下零售商需做出更大的促销努力。     

供应链低碳技术采纳与产品定价协同决策研究

针对碳交易机制下供应链低碳技术采纳与产品零售定价问题构建各方收益模型,就Stackelberg博弈和协同决策下的制造商、零售商以及供应链总收益进行比较分析,发现协同决策情形下供应链总收益显著高于分散决策情形下的总收益,且采纳的低碳技术水平更高。提出基于线性定价契约的协同收益分配策略,在实现供应链总收益最大化的基础上,实现供应链各成员企业收益的帕累托改进。研究表明:提升消费者低碳消费意愿对企业采纳低碳技术具有直接促进作用;供应链协同决策能获得整体利润最优;基于讨价还价能力的线性定价契约,可保障供应商和零售商得到公平的利润分配,并实现供应链的协调。     

考虑消费者低碳偏好的零售商利他型低碳供应链协调

在消费者低碳偏好外部动力下,引入零售商的利他偏好,分别建立了完全自利下、零售商利他偏好下基于批发价格契约的低碳供应链决策模型,探讨了零售商利他偏好对低碳供应链相关决策及其协调性的影响。通过建立模型和数值分析发现:利他型零售商只有当其利他偏好较小时,才愿意与自利型制造商合作;零售商的利他偏好能在一定程度上鼓励制造商投资减排,因而制造商更倾向于与利他偏好型零售商合作;但零售商的利他偏好行为不能实现低碳供应链的协调,也不能减缓低碳供应链的"双边际效应"。     

产需双重不确定情形下绿色农产品供应链的协调研究

为解决产需不确定性给绿色农产品供应链运营带来的复杂影响,寻求绿色农产品生产商和销售商面对产需双重不确定情形下各自的最优决策,研究从农产品产出和市场需求双重不确定性视角出发,结合目前消费者对绿色农产品的需求偏好,构建由生产商和销售商组成的Stackelberg博弈模型,探究收益共享契约能否有效协调产需都不确定的绿色农产品供应链。研究结果表明:分散决策时的批发价契约无法协调此供应链。引入收益共享契约后,在合适的共享系数范围内,生产商的农资投入量会增加,农产品的绿色度会比分散决策时高,同时销售商的销售价格降低;当农产品订购量变大后,引入契约后的生产商和销售商各自的利润相较于分散决策时更高。     

考虑政府补贴和产出不确定的绿色供应链契约分析

以下游制造商为主导者、上游供应商为跟随者的二级供应链为研究对象,构建了批发价格契约、两部定价契约和数量折扣契约模型,探讨在政府补贴和产出不确定下,不同契约对产品绿色度及供应链绩效的影响。研究表明:两部定价契约和数量折扣契约均可协调政府补贴和产出不确定下的绿色供应链;两部定价契约下供应商的材料批发价格低于数量折扣契约,因此两部定价契约有助于降低制造商投入成本,数量折扣契约有助于供应商的资金回笼将获利期提前。     

双渠道营销的旅游供应链决策与协调研究——基于促销努力与转移支付激励

如何协调旅游供应商与需求方的关系,是旅游供应链营销设计过程中需要重点解决的问题.通过构建旅游供应商利用网络直销渠道,同时与旅游代理商共同销售产品所组成的双渠道旅游服务供应链,实证探析两个渠道同时进行促销努力时供应链成员的决策与协调问题.在对消费者渠道偏好、消费者对促销努力的敏感程度以及佣金比例的变化展开讨论,以此判断对双渠道供应链产品售价、促销努力水平以及供应链利润的影响及幅度.基于设计旅游供应链转移支付契约来达到旅游供应链的协调,并用算例验证转移支付契约的激励效果.研究结论显示:集中决策下的收益大于分散决策下的收益,供应链成员的收益不存在绝对的平衡.     

消费者有效需求下的绿色供应链博弈模型研究

通过引入消费者有效需求概念,建立了消费者有效需求下的需求函数,在此基础上以一个制造商和一个零售商组成的二级绿色供应链为背景,通过研究消费者有效需求下的三种绿色供应链博弈模型:以制造商为主导的Stackelberg博弈模型、集中模型以及基于收益共享契约的博弈模型。发现:收益共享系数在一定范围内时,能够有效地协调绿色供应链,该结论能为绿色供应链成员企业制定相应的管理策略提供参考。     

溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响

运用博弈论的方法研究溢出效应对竞争企业研发投资和政府补贴的影响,构建了不同情形下的博弈模型,研究表明:当溢出效应较弱时,合作研发下的政府补贴率最高,但企业更愿意选择集中式决策;当溢出效应中等时,企业的最优策略是合作研发并能够获得较高水平的政府补贴率;当溢出效应较强时,企业的最优策略是选择分散式决策,政府仍会为其设定最优补贴率。分散式决策与合作研发均能使研发投资、消费者剩余和社会福利维持在较高水平;集中式决策不仅会弱化企业的研发投资积极性,还会损害消费者剩余和社会福利。     

考虑制造商竞争的绿色供应链政府补贴策略研究

为研究不同政府补贴策略对存在消费者绿色偏好以及两制造商横向竞争的绿色供应链的影响,分别建立和求解了三种补贴策略:无补贴策略、高成本制造商补贴策略、低成本制造商补贴策略。比较研究及数值仿真表明:政府补贴会提高直接受补贴产品的绿色度和需求量,但会降低无补贴产品的绿色度和市场需求量;制造商利润在直接受补贴下最高,补贴竞争者时最低;零售商和供应链总利润均在低成本制造商补贴策略下达到最高,其次是高成本制造商补贴策略;政府补贴只有在补贴力度适当时才能对供应链自身渠道利润产生正向作用。     

不同主导权力下考虑利他偏好的闭环供应链决策分析

利他偏好是影响供应链决策的重要因素,将利他偏好行为引入到闭环供应链决策中,利用Stackelberg博弈分析技术,构建两种不同主导权力下考虑利他偏好的闭环供应链决策模型,分析不同主导权力下供应链最优决策行为。结果表明,制造商主导模式能最大限度回收废旧产品,有利于促进供应链绿色可持续发展。零售商主导模式有利于供应链前向一体化的发展。在利他偏好合作区间范围内,协调好供应链中制造商与零售商的主体地位,对实现供应链可持续发展具有重要意义。     

企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研及对策思考

在对福建省企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研的基础上,提出构建可操作的“三层次四模块”诚信意识培育新模式,推进人本化管理理念的渗透,加强人文关怀和心理疏导,以实现思想政治工作诚信意识培育的目标。     

中国经济的内外均衡与财税改革

我国经常项目持续的大规模顺差,给国民经济的健康发展带来一系列的不利影响。在前人研究的基础上,通过对各种影响因素进行分类拆解,本文试图从理论和实证角度说明长期的储蓄-消费失衡是造成我国贸易顺差的一个重要原因,而其背后的根本原因是由于企业可支配收入相对于劳动者报酬不断提高带来的收入结构和储蓄结构失衡。我国当前企业未分配收入大幅增长的原因可以归结为企业利润率"虚高"和国企"不分红"问题。只有从体制上解决这个问题,才能使储蓄降低到适当的水平,通过拉动内需消除我国过大的贸易顺差,从根本上解决内外经济比例失衡问题。     

森林资源规划设计调查总结与反思

森林资源规划设计调查是为国家、地区及森林经营单位制定林业方针政策,编制林业区划、规划、计划,指导林业生产而提供基础资源数据,为实现森林资源合理经营、科学管理、永续利用、持续发展,充分发挥森林生态效益、经济效益、社会效益服务。森林资源调查的任务是全面查清森林资源数量、质量变化及其消长变化状况、规律,进行综合分析和评价,准确提供所需有关森林资源调查成果资料。基于森林资源二类调查的重要性和今后调查工作顺利开展的需要,调查之后的总结与反思尤为重要。     

Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Within and Across Boundaries and Shorelines: Ensemble of Darwin's Finches and Human Transaction Types

Synopsis: In the most famous example of the biological process of adaptive radiation, two forces explain the fourteen distinct species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos and Cocos Islands: First, populations adapt to their respective distinct ecological environments. Second, previously separated populations come in contact and may adapt to mitigate inter-species competition. The result is a complex pattern of homogeneity and heterogeneity among the birds, both on a single island and across islands. This pattern reflects the finches' adaptations both to the distinct ecological conditions created by the visible shorelines that separate the islands' niches and to the finches' own less-visible cultural and societal shorelines. The New Institutional Economics highlights the fact that human institutional infrastructures also exhibit complex homogeneities and heterogeneities, as we adapt those infrastructures to accomplish the tasks at hand in distinct geographic and societal contexts. Mixes of both state enforcement and self-enforcement, through inter-temporal, inter-issue, and inter-actor linkages, provide support and enforcement for transactions; and those mixes differ across transactions and across states. When transactions occur across state or cultural shorelines, institutional infrastructures must be flexible enough to accommodate those differences, without allowing the differences to become disguised protectionism or barriers to competition. These issues contribute to many of the regulatory disputes associated with ‘globalization’. We briefly consider two concrete recent examples: (1) the European Union–United States ‘Safe Harbor’ Agreement that regulates firms' policies toward Internet-data privacy; and (2) international trade policy negotiations over regulation of ‘geographical indications’ (for example, Champagne or Roquefort) as means of assuring product quality for processed foods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Classical and Neoclassical harmonies and dissonances

Abstract

Proofs are given that only singularly can real 1750 – 2007 competitive price ratios be ‘natural', in the sense of being invariant under changes in demand tastes. Proofs are given that both 1750 – 1870 discrete technologies or 1890 – 2007 continuum technologies, with convexity properties sufficient for arbitrage-proof supply-demand equilibria, will be ‘intertemporally Pareto optimal', immune to leaving any deadweight (inefficient) losses on the table. Sraffa (1960), ignoring the vast post-1945 linear and non-linear programming mathematical literature of Danzig, Kuhn-Tucker-Bellman, von Neumann, Ramsey literature does not quite arrive at attainable distribution solutions. Where it tolerates increasing or decreasing returns to scale, there can be no competitive equilibria. When its matrix equations do obey first-degree-homogeneous functions, the book's stress on Basics or non-Basics is an irrelevancy leading to bizarre novel interpretations of Ricardo.

Old age overtakes us all. Alas, Sraffs's proposed critique of twentieth century political economy we will never be able to know.     

Sen and Commons on Markets and Freedom

Amartya Sen's enlarged conception of freedom has augmented the scope of economic analysis but it also has had the surprising effect of being more supportive of the free market than conventional welfare economics. It is argued here that a comparison of Sen's position with that of the American institutionalist, J R Commons, highlights some problems with Sen's approach and points to possible ways in which they might be addressed.     

Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence

We construct a theoretical model to capture the compensation and efficiency effects of globalization in a set up where the redistributive tax rate is chosen by the median voter. The model predicts that the two alternative modes of globalization- trade liberalization and financial openness- could potentially have different effects on taxation. We then provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between taxation and the alternative modes of globalization using a large cross-country panel data set. On average, globalization is associated with lower taxation but there is some evidence that in countries with high capital-labor ratio, globalization is associated with increased taxation. We make a distinction between de jure and de facto measures of globalization and find a strong negative relationship between taxation and de jure measures of globalization. The results for de facto measures of globalization are mixed.     

Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence

We provide a framework to interpret the recent literature on financial development and inequality. In many developing countries, access to funding and financial services by firms and households is still very skewed. Recent evidence suggests that poor access does not only reflect economic constraints but also barriers erected by insiders. Inequality affects the distribution of political influence, so financial regulation often is easily captured by established interests in unequal countries. Captured reforms deepen rather than broaden access, as small elites obtain most of the benefits while risks are socialized. Financial liberalization motivated to increase access may in practice increase fragility and inequality, and lead to political backlash against reforms. Thus financial reforms may succeed only if matched by a buildup in oversight institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 748–773.     

美国、日本产业政策:比较分析与启示

现阶段,在吸取美国、日本经验的基础上,我国产业结构调整应主要依靠市场机制进行调节,同时辅之以宏观政策,尽快使我国的产业结构优化,即产业结构的合理化、高级化。     

The Performance of Public and Private Enterprise under Conditions of Active and Passive Ownership and Competition and Monopoly

Privatisation is driven by the belief that public ownership is cost inefficient, in particular under monopoly. However, some theoretical and empirical studies have questioned whether privatisation will necessarily lead to efficiency gains. This paper focuses on the impact of ownership when owners can be either active or passive. Active owners decide on output, whereas passive owners delegate this decision to a risk-averse manager. It turns out that managerial slack as reflected in the marginal costs will actually be the same or higher in a private monopoly than under public ownership. The impact of entry is theoretically ambiguous, but an increased number of firms in an oligopoly may lead to lower efficiency.