美日保险管制模式改革的比较与借鉴

不同国家在对保险业实施管制的实践中，形成了各自不同的保险管制模式，其中美国和日本的保险管制模式最具有代表性。20世纪90年代中后期以来，两国保险管制模式分别采取一系列的改革措施，或收敛过去的过度管制行为，或将现有法律制度之间不衔接的空缺加以弥补，并呈现出某些趋同化的态势。尽管保险管制放松趋势是主流，但是我们也不能盲目追随。最重要的是，认清保险管制改革的背景及保险管制放松的动因。     

对我国电力行业放松管制的思考

20世纪70年代末,各种因素的融合引起了传统的自然垄断观点的根本变化,由此导致了国家对自然垄断行业放松管制的改革。本文在论述放松管制的理论与实践的基础上,对我国电力行业的放松管制提出一些观点。     

论放松金融管制和国家宏观调控的关系——发展中国家金融“自由化”实践的启迪

<正> 我国前段时期的金融改革活动,注重对金融业的放松管制、刺激竞争和活跃微观经营机制,对央行的宏观金融调控强调不够。正因为如此,造成了随后的经济过热和金融混乱。朱镕基副总理严厉的“十六点”措施,将加强国家的宏观金融调控能力。但加强宏观调控,并不是简单的金融管制和宏观紧缩。金融业的完善经营机制、加强竞争和放松管制只有在适度的宏观调控和稳定的经济环境下才能取得成功。实质上。放松金融管制和国家调控的关系是一个世界性的议题。发达国家在60年代末掀起的金融创新浪潮,影响深远,对发展中国家的金融“自由化”运动也起了推波助澜的作用。为了货币政策的有效性和金融体系的稳定性,发达国家在金融创新的同时,对金融领域仍有一定的管制和监督。至于发展中国家,由于经济的货币化程度低、金融市场欠发达以及收入分配不均等原因,国     

自然垄断行业放松管制趋势的出现及原因分析

自20世纪70年代以来，在电信、电力等传统自然垄断行业总体上出现了放松管制的浪潮，英美等国家的政府减少或取消自然垄断行业在进入、价格、投资等方面的经济管制，以破除垄断，促进竞争。这一趋势的出现，一是技术进步使自然垄断的边界发生变化，传统管制方式失去了存在的基础；二是政府管制特别是投资回报率管制导致了资源配置扭曲，Stigler等人提出了管制俘虏理论，对政府管制的有效性提出了置疑；三是自由主义的思潮再次兴起和激励性管制理论的发展为政府管制改革提供了理论导向。     

我国存贷款利率管制的利弊分析及其对策

我国正在积极推进利率市场化改革，但目前对存款利率上限和贷款利率下限仍实施严格的管制。本文对目前存贷款利率管制的影响进行了分析，认为存贷款利率管制创造的“租金机会”为国有商业银行改革创造了宽松的外部环境，有利于金融稳定，但也存在严重的效率损失。随着国有商业银行股份制改造的完成，存贷款利率管制也会逐步取消。     

论我国政府社会性管制的整体改革

政府社会性管制改革事关重大，涉及面广，情况复杂，必须统筹安排，整体推进。为此，必须完善社会性管制的法律体系，健全社会性管制的行为主体，设置社会性管制的合理目标，构建“适度型”社会性管制模式，综合运用强制型和激励型管制方法，强化安全、健康、环境管制，实现对管制者的有效管制。     

中国电信业政府激励性管制模式探析

本文结合电信产业政府管制制度近年来所做的改革，认为竞争不仅不能完全代替管制，还需要通过管制来实现，并基于我国电信产业的实际构建了激励性管制改革模式。     

日本天然气市场开发及其对我国的启示

天然气行业是典型的垄断行业，其价格受政府管制由来已久．20世纪90年代以来。日本逐步放松对天然气市场的管制，采取了更加灵活的市场开发政策，促进了天然气的利用。我国天然气生产和消费所占的比重较低，应当通过放松管制加快天然气市场开发的步伐。     

西方国家的政府管制变迁及其启示

西方国家的政府管制在一百多年的变迁中大致历经了三个发展时期,从传统的政府管制到放松管制再到重新管制,不同时期的理论基础和管制内容都发生了明显的变化。文章通过对西方国家管制的理论基础、改革历程及管制内容进行梳理,以期能对我国政府管制改革起到借鉴作用。     

谁来为自然垄断产业定价

当前，中国的自然垄断产业（如电信、电力、铁路、自来水等）正处于改革之中，改革的总体思路是在非自然垄断性业务环节引入竞争机制，政府管制重点集中于自然垄断性业务，以提高产业的生产效率和政府管制效率。在政府管制改革中，价格管制改革是其他改革的前提和基础，对整体改革起着关键性的作用。     

日本规制改革最新进展评析——基于PMR综合指数的观察

日本自20世纪80年代末起展开了规制改革,至今仍在不断推进之中。为了跟踪并考察规制改革绩效,从1998年开始,OECD建立起了PMR综合指标评价体系,以评估各国的规制改革状况。利用OECD(经合组织)的PMR指数观察日本规制改革的最新进展,结果发现:日本的规制改革已初见成效,但是改革的速度在放慢,其路径依赖和选择性改革的特征比较明显。     

Regulatory Policy: OECD Experience and Evidence

In the past 20 years a key topic of public-sector reform inOECD countries has been the emergence of regulatory policy.During this period, the nature of regulation has undergone profoundand rapid change. This paper reviews the development of regulatorypolicy in OECD countries over the last quarter-century. It identifiesa range of tools and institutions that have been used by OECDcountries to develop high-quality regulation. The analysis attemptsto show that while there is considerable commonality on broadobjectives of regulatory policy, considerably diversity remainsin the implementation of regulatory policy across OECD countries. Footnotes ¹ E-mail address: nikolai.malyshev{at}oecd.org     

Information technology and competitive advantage: Lessons from the developed countries

The paper focuses on developed countries, arguing that when used effectively information technology (IT) brings gains in the form of better product quality, greater flexibility and speed, and first-mover advantage; the cost-reducing impact of IT is of secondary importance. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) experience with IT has been mixed and often disillusioning. OECD nations, with their well-developed technological infrastructures, national computer and telecommunications industries and substantial resources, have failed to develop universal rules for applying IT successfully. The obstacles are managerial and regulatory, not technological. Unpreparedness by companies, regulatory barriers and a lack of standards all tend to inhibit diffusion of IT.     

经合组织国家监管治理理念及对我国的启示

以经济合作与发展组织（Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD）为代表的发达市场经济国家首次提出了监管治理理念,认为实现有效监管治理包括监管政策、监管工具和监管机构三个相互关联的要素。OECD各国阐述了各自的监管治理理念,并在实践层面采取了具体改革措施以及进行了有益探索,取得了良好的社会经济绩效。中国正在建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制,尚未形成有效监管治理观念,借鉴OECD国家监管治理及监管改革的先进经验,对于实现政府的有效监管有着重要的现实意义。     

Budgetary Consolidation in Europe: Quality, Economic Conditions, and Persistence

In this article we study the importance of the quality of fiscal adjustments and macroeconomic conditions for the persistence of budgetary consolidations. In contrast to previous work in this area, we do not arbitrarily predefine a measure of persistence to evaluate consolidation “success.” By employing duration analysis techniques, the length of a consolidation spell is rather determined endogenously. Our results based on a sample of industrialised OECD countries show that “consolidation fatigue” and the quality of fiscal consolidations are indeed important determinants of their longevity. Moreover, high debt–GDP ratio and fiscal tightening in other OECD countries raise the likelihood of consolidations to persist. Applying our results to European countries in the 1990s provides only weak evidence suggesting that the Maastricht process contributed much to the fiscal consolidations observed in Europe during the 1990s. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 2002, 16(4), pp. 512–535. ZEI, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and CEPR; Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland; and CEPR; and ECB, Kaiserstrasse 29, D-60311 Frankfurt a.M., Germany; and ZEI. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E61, E62, E65.     

How successfully China has applied the OECD principles of corporate governance: a critical assessment

This paper attempts to critically analyze how successful China has been in applying the OECD principles of corporate governance. In doing so, assessment has been made in light of the six core issues of the OECD principles. A satisfactory level of progress has been noted in China’s legal and regulatory framework since the 1990s. New laws, regulations, and rules have been enacted, existing ones have been amended, and all the required institutions have been built accordingly in order to ensure good corporate governance practices in the country. However, there are still bottlenecks in terms of the enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules mainly due to the various structural limitations in the Chinese administration and judiciary. The paper argues that China should now move forward with an accelerated enforcement agenda in the area of corporate governance in order to make China Inc. more competitive and sustainable.     

Skills and changing comparative advantage: The case of Japan

Is the skill gap of net exports widening? This question is nontrivial for many industrial countries because, with the rapid growth of emerging countries, human capital is considered one of the most important sources of comparative advantage. Theoretically, however, the answer is not necessarily obvious because of changing comparative advantage. This paper attempts to answer this question by extending the analysis of Wolff (2003) and by focusing on one of the largest OECD countries, Japan, for the period 1980–2005. The results indicate that the answer to the above question may well be “no.” Although Japan is still a net exporter of skill-intensive goods, the skill gap of net exports has been narrowing since the mid-1990s, mainly as a result of the changes in the composition of trade. This implies that some OECD countries, including Japan, may have been losing their comparative advantage in skill-intensive goods in recent years.     

新时期我国少数民族教育立法研究

少数民族教育立法是我国教育立法的重要组成部分。它对于保障和促进我国民族教育的改革与发展，维护少数民族平等的受教育权益，不断提升少数民族教育的品质，具有十分重要而深刻的意义。自20世纪90年代以来，我国少数民族教育立法步入了快速健康发展的新时期。     

China's WTO Commitments in Agriculture and Impacts of Potential OECD Agricultural Trade Liberalizations*

After accession to the WTO, China's agriculture is affected by the implementation of its WTO commitments and will be impacted by any multilateral liberalization (actions by the rich OECD economies in particular) resulting from the Doha negotiations. Using the actual commitment data, our computable general equilibrium simulation results show that China's WTO commitments will lead to increased agricultural imports and slightly declined outputs in China. The resulting efficiency gains will be negated by terms‐of‐trade losses, leading to quantitatively small welfare impacts. Furthermore, sectoral results depend critically on correctly representing the more complex policy measures, such as the tariff rate quotas. The negative output effects on Chinese agriculture can be alleviated/reversed if the rich OECD countries commit to reform their agriculture policies. The present paper concludes that trade liberalization should be carried out in both developing and developed countries. Reforming the latter will be particularly helpful in easing the problems facing those developing countries that are carrying out ambitious trade reforms.     

Foreign debt,global liquidity,and fiscal sustainability

We empirically investigate fiscal sustainability by comparing countries in the different economic groups with a dataset covering 180 countries during the period from 1980 to 2015. As the OECD countries have higher international debt ratio than other countries, they have higher probability to be exposed to global risk factors. Non-OECD countries turn out to be more fiscally solvent than OECD countries due to their limited access to international financial market. However, we also find that better access to international liquidity increases fiscal sustainability within the sample of OECD countries, while it does not improve the fiscal solvency in case of non-OECD countries.