基于“AIDA”模式的超市自有品牌商品店堂销售策略

超市开发自有品牌只是完成了营销策略的第一步。基于"AIDA"模式的店堂销售策略的设计与实施会成为自有品牌在终端销售中取得成功的有利保障。本文基于此制定了有针对性的销售策略。     

Competitive reaction- and feedback effects based on VARX models of pooled store data

We apply a model that accommodates dynamic phenomena in demand- and reaction functions. The latter functions capture reactions to actions as well as to consequences of actions. We estimate a fixed effects VARX model with dynamic and interactive effects for multiple brands based on pooled time series and cross-sectional data for two product categories. The Impulse Response Analysis (IRA) results for one category (tuna) under different scenarios show that the inclusion/exclusion of competitive reaction- and feedback effects matters a lot, consistent with a high degree of competitive interaction in this market. We find that the role of cross-brand feedback effects is greater than the role of traditional competitive reaction effects. Intrafirm effects (internal decisions) also play an important role. In a decomposition study we show that the exclusion of these effects may either increase (up to 12%) or decrease (by as much as 50%) the net unit sales effect of a 20% price reduction. By contrast, in the second category (shampoo), where brands have distinct positions, the exclusion of these effects matters very little.     

入世前后外国直接投资对我国工业部门外溢效应的比较研究

本文采用面板数据(Panel Data)模型方法,对入世前后外国直接投资对我国工业部门的外溢效应进行了比较分析。结果表明,外国直接投资对我国整体及东、中、西部地区都产生了正的溢出效应,而且入世后较入世前更加显著。我国应继续遵循自己的路径吸引外国直接投资,充分发挥其外溢效应。     

Arrow: A flexible architecture for an accounting and charging infrastructure in the Next Generation Internet

Current pricing and charging methods for the Internet are not based on actual usage of this service, which leads to unfairness and more important, it does not deliver the right signals through financial incentives to network providers to upgrade critical links of their networks. The development of new multimedia applications and the convergence to an integrated services network will foster the tremendous growth of the Internet even more. With the Next Generation Internet not only technical services like bandwidth reservation will be introduced, but also new applications will emerge within the Internet. Charging the Internet in a fashion that provides feedback to users and providers has been proposed since the early '90s, however, only a few implementations and real-world examples are known today. This is due to subsidizing the Internet in its early stages and due to a technical development that did not care much about charging. With the recent redesign of the Internet protocol suite and discussions on multiple service classes in the Internet, architectures for charging and accounting have to be revisited, too. Economic models for the Internet cannot be tested fully and validated in non-real-world environments, because of the unknown user behavior. With this uncertainty over what models and pricing schemes to choose, it is evident that a specific charging and accounting platform will never be accepted by the community. In this paper a novel and flexible architecture for charging and accounting is proposed that provides a wide range of mechanisms and lets researchers experiment in an environment as close as possible to the targeted system. As a first step, four different pricing schemes are described, qualitatively assessed on the proposed platform, and a prototypical implementation performed. One of the economic models that have been implemented on Arrow is based on different service classes including reservation and recalculates prices dynamically depending on the traffic situation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长三角地区城市FDI区位决定动态研究——空间计量的视角

文章以长三角25个地级以上城市为样本,利用空间计量学方法对其1991-2008年的FD I区位决定进行实证分析。结果发现:近20年来长三角城市FD I区位决定因素及其作用发生了动态变化,一些传统因素如市场规模、城市化水平、产业发展、工资水平、与上海距离等影响不再显著或有弱化趋势,取而代之的是外资集聚经济和工资效率因素上升为主导地位,其作用不断增强,基础设施因素影响日趋重要。值得注意的是,邻域空间关联效应一直是影响长三角城市FD I区位分布的重要因素,城市吸引FD I不仅取决于自身区位条件,还受周边城市FD I聚集的影响。上述发现对于长三角各城市利用FD I和跨国公司投资都具有重要政策意义。     

Statistical Inference Using Stochastic Switching Models for the Discrimination of Unobserved Display Promotion from POS Data

The execution of price and/or display promotion has a significant effect on the sales of a brand sold in a supermarket. Information on price and/or sales is available from POS data. However, unless an investigator collects information on the execution of display promotions from every retail store, such information is unavailable. This paper presents a method of identifying whether display promotion has been executed without having to visit individual stores. We treat the execution/non-execution of a display promotion as a state variable. An unknown stationary probability matrix is assumed to describe the probability of a transition between states. Each state is characterized by a different stationary time series model with unknown parameters. The objective of the analysis is to identify the model and to assign a probability model for each state at each time instant. Finally, we provide a high precision estimator of a past execution/non-execution of a display promotion based on the proposed model.     

避孕知情选择对中国人工流产的影响分析

随着避孕知情选择的逐步展开,我国已婚育龄人群的避孕模式发生了较大变化。其中,短效自控型避孕措施构成的升高,减弱了原来以长效医控型避孕措施为主的避孕模式所固有的高避孕效果,也增加了意外妊娠的可能性。人工流产作为意外妊娠的主要补救措施,其发生的可能性是否随知情选择的开展而有所变化?目前,鲜有学者对此进行过全国层面的系统量化分析。利用1988～2001年全国计划生育/生殖健康抽样调查数据,比较知情选择开展前后人工流产行为的变化。伴随知情选择的全面展开,已婚育龄妇女人工流产发生可能性降低的趋势在各个孩次上都有明显的体现,表明我国知情选择的逐步推广已产生了一定的良性效果。