Benchmark Invariancy,Seasonality and APM-Free Portfolio Performance Measures

The Jobson-Korkie (1981) Z score and the positive period weighting (PPW) score of Grinblatt and Titman (1989) are applied to various benchmarks of market and mimicking portfolios to study the benchmark invariancy problem. Significantly different portfolio performance inferences are found for a sample of 146 equity mutual funds depending on the mean-variance efficiency of the portfolio benchmarks (mimicking portfolios versus market indices). Portfolio performance inferences are affected significantly by the number of factors, nonsynchronous trading adjustment, and the sizes of the firms used for factor extraction. The returns of the portfolio benchmarks exhibit significant monthly seasonalities, which, in turn, significantly influence mutual fund performance inferences.     

基于规模与风格的证券投资基金最优组合构建研究

本文选择中国2004年10月1日前成立的8种投资风格共133只证券投资基金,根据其在2005年1月1日-2008年3月31日共161周的数据,依照非回置等权抽样方法构建基金组合。在研究了基金组合规模与组合风险和绩效关系的基础上,着重探讨了基金组合所含风格类型以及基金组合风格丰富化指标与组合风险和绩效的关系。在上述研究的基础上,论文提出了综合规模和风格双因素的基金最优组合构建原则,并得出了最适度风格类型模型和最适度风格丰富化指标模型。     

Thy Neighbor's Portfolio: Word-of-Mouth Effects in the Holdings and Trades of Money Managers

A mutual fund manager is more likely to buy (or sell) a particular stock in any quarter if other managers in the same city are buying (or selling) that same stock. This pattern shows up even when the fund manager and the stock in question are located far apart, so it is distinct from anything having to do with local preference. The evidence can be interpreted in terms of an epidemic model in which investors spread information about stocks to one another by word of mouth.     

Consistency of UK Pension Fund Investment Performance

Transition matrix techniques are used to relate the past and present performance of pension fund portfolios. In particular, funds are ranked to study the tendency of portfolios to remain in the same quartile of the ranking as they were in the previous period. For raw returns, funds in both of the top quartiles are found to be more likely to remain in the same quartile than would be expected by chance. This result can be taken as limited evidence for the consistency of performance. Similar systemic effects are observed on a risk-adjusted basis. There appears to be clear evidence that some fund managers can offer a degree of consistent good performance.     

Optimal Number of Stock Holdings in Mutual Fund Portfolios Based on Market Performance

Among the decisions that most mutual fund portfolio managers make is the number of stocks to hold. We posit that there is an optimal number of stocks for each mutual fund, reflecting the trade‐off between diversification benefits versus transactions and monitoring costs. We find a significant quadratic relation between number of stock holdings and risk‐adjusted returns for U.S. equity mutual fund portfolios during 1992–2000. Moreover, we find that changes in the number of stocks held over time are more highly correlated with mutual fund flows than with funds' investment returns.     

Further evidence on performance evaluation: Portfolio holdings,recommendations, and turnover costs

This paper analyzes the performance of mutual funds in Spain between January 1980 and June 1990. The robustness of results to alternative measurements and benchmarks are analyzed. The results indicate that, with monthly returns alone, it is not possible to distinguish between selectivity and timing. We are only able to measure the magnitude of total performance. To be more precise about the reasons behind performance, portfolio holdings are necessary. This work employs a new data set based on monthly portfolio holdings of a representative sample of funds. A comparison of results using monthly returns and monthly portfolio holdings is made. In particular, thanks to the availability of portfolio holdings, we are able to separate selectivity and timing. Finally, the impact of turnover costs is considered.     

证券投资基金风格、投资行为与股票市场波动

本文研究了我国不同投资风格的证券投资基金投资行为和股票市场波动之间的相互关系，对于正确认识投资基金的作用以及发展机构投资者的政策取向具有重要意义。实证结果显示，证券投资基金股票投资行为在一定程度上引起了股票市场的波动，可以部分平抑市场下跌时的波动风险，同时加剧了市场上涨时的市场波动。成长型基金对股市波动的影响较大，而平衡型基金具有降低股市波动的作用。     

Stability, Asymmetry and Seasonality of Fund Performance: An Analysis of Australian Multi‐sector Managed Funds

Using a sample of Australian Multi-sector trusts we examine selectivity and market timing performance and extend the analysis to include the relatively new measure of volatility timing. This is of particular relevance to our data set, as high levels of volatility persistence are prevalent in Australia. In addition we consider the stability, asymmetry and seasonality of the various performance and risk measures. A survivorship adjustment procedure is also employed in order to assess the impact of survivorship on selectivity, market timing and volatility timing performance.     

基金投资风格的极端性与业绩研究

本文首次从综合性视角考察基金投资风格的极端性与其业绩之间的关系。采用投资风格极端性指数和行业集中度作为投资风格的测度,研究发现投资风格的极端性与基金业绩成反比,即投资风格越极端,基金的收益越差。因此,我们建议基金经理在做出投资策略时,应当遵循稳健的投资风格与分散化投资,当发现自己的投资组合风险较大或有明显的行业偏重时,及时做出调整。对于风格极端的基金投资组合,应保持谨慎的态度。     

Tax Calendar Effects in the Municipal Bond Market: Tax‐Loss Selling and Cherry Picking by Investors and Market Timing by Fund Managers

Examining municipal bond returns, bond fund flows and buying activities by fund managers over the period 1990–2009, we find evidence of tax calendar‐related rational opportunistic trading patterns by fund investors and fund managers. Specifically, fund shareholders conduct tax‐loss selling in December and re‐invest in January. In April, June, and September, fund investors rationally cherry pick to sell their shares of short‐term bond funds instead of their shares of long‐term bond funds to raise cash to pay estimated taxes. Unlike fund shareholders, fund managers adopt a contrarian strategy of buying in December and selling in January.     

The Investment Performance of U.S. Equity Pension Fund Managers: An Empirical Investigation

This paper presents an empirical examination of the selectivity and market timing performance of a sample of U.S. equity pension fund managers. Regardless of the choice of benchmark portfolio or estimation model, the average selectivity measure is positive and the average timing measure is negative. However both selectivity and timing appear to be somewhat sensitive to the choice of a benchmark when managers are classified by investment style. Meta-analysis revealed some real variation around the mean values for each measure. The 80 percent probability intervals for selectivity revealed that the best managers produced substantial risk-adjusted excess returns. We also found a negative correlation between selectivity and timing, but we argue that the observed negative correlation in our data is largely an artifact of negatively correlated sampling errors for the two estimates.     

The Performance,Asset Allocation,and Investment Style of International Equity Managers

This paper evaluates the performance of 114 international equity managers over the January 1988–December 1997 period. Performance tests are conducted using Sharpe (1966) and Jensen (1968) performance methodologies. The managers are divided into mutual fund (n=54) and separately managed fund (n=60) investment management categories. Each management category is further divided by foreign and world (global) investment objectives. Three major findings are reported. First, international equity managers, on average, were unable to outperform the MSCI World market proxy during the sample period. However, world managers did perform better than their foreign counterparts. Second, geographic asset allocation and equity style allocation decisions enhanced the performance of international managers during the sample period. Third, separately managed funds outperformed mutual funds during the period studied when mutual fund returns are measured net of management fees. The apparent managed performance advantage abates, however, when mutual fund returns are adjusted to include management fees. Thus, we find no significant difference in the performance of the management categories when returns are measured gross of fees.     

Pension Plan Investment Management Mandates: An Empirical Analysis of Manager Selection

We examine the impact of several factors on the selection of portfolio managers for Australian pension plan mandates. Performance measures do not affect the probability of a mandate allocation. Pension sponsors tend to choose managers with top-quartile five-year performance who have recently beaten a market benchmark. Management expenses have a negative impact on a managers chances. A surprising result is sponsors tolerance for high portfolio trading costs. Mandates are spread across manager investment styles. The style and institutional attributes of preferred managers suggest trustees reputation and prudential concerns matter, particularly for the aggregate annual mandate allocations.     

Persistent Doubt: An Examination of Hedge Fund Performance

We examine whether performance persistence is suspicious. Top quintile portfolios formed on the Sharpe ratio, alpha, and information ratio persistently outperform similarly constructed mediocre third quintile portfolios throughout our sample period, but performance is more modest and less persistent when portfolios are formed on the excess manipulation‐proof performance measure (EMPPM). By selecting funds formed on ranking by Sharpe and information ratios, investors also select funds that have persistently doubtful performance according to the doubt ratio. In contrast, portfolios formed on alphas and especially the EMPPM have much less excess and persistent doubt.     

Consumption and Investment Motives and the Portfolio Choices of Homeowners

This article investigates the portfolio choices of homeowners, taking into account the investment constraint introduced by Henderson and Ioannides (1983). This constraint requires housing investment by homeowners to be at least as large as housing consumption. It is shown that when the constraint is binding, the homeowner's optimal portfolio is ineffcient in a mean-variance sense. Thus, portfolio inefficiency is not an indication that consumers are irrational or careless in their financial decisions. Instead, inefficiency can be seen as the result of a rational balancing of the consumption benefits and portfolio distortion associated with housing investment.     

Dynamic Portfolio Selection: the Relevance of Switching Regimes and Investment Horizon

This paper investigates the questions of dynamic portfolio selection and intertemporal hedging within a Markovian regime‐switching framework. The investment opportunity set is spanned by a well‐diversified home‐market portfolio and the risk‐free asset. Our results highlight the economic importance of regimes, as optimal portfolio weights are clearly dependent on the prevailing regime. We present evidence that the question of intertemporal hedging is a more complex issue than is hinted in the previous literature, since demand for intertemporal hedging is present in some regimes, but not in others. Finally, our main findings are qualitatively unchanged across the four largest stock markets in the world.     

封闭式基金折价与管理绩效的实证研究

本文基于管理绩效理论,对我国封闭式基金折价现象进行实证研究。管理绩效理论认为,封闭式基金折价反映了投资者对于基金未来过低的管理能力的理性预期,未来管理绩效越差,折价越大。本文使用了多种基金绩效度量模型,分别采用引入时间哑变量和除去时间均值混合OLS回归方法以及Fama-Macbeth横截面回归方法,验证了折价率和未来管理绩效之间的关系。结果显示,封闭式基金折价和溢价反映了市场对于基金未来管理绩效的预期;当期折价率和未来管理绩效之间存在显著的正向关系,尤其在未来一个季度的时间内;这种关系不受非同步性交易效应和基金异质性的影响。本文同时发现,折价率对于未来管理绩效的解释能力强于过去的管理绩效对于未来管理绩效的解释能力。     

Applying Portfolio Change and Conditional Performance Measures: The Case of Industry Rotation via the Dynamic Investment Model

This paper applies portfolio change and conditional performance measures to assess the performance of the dynamic investment model in various industry-rotation settings spanning the 1934–1995 period. The dynamic investment model employs the empirical probability assessment approach in raw form. In addition, it incorporates three adjustments for estimation error: James–Stein, Bayes–Stein, and CAPM-based corrections. The tests are unanimous in their conclusion that the excess returns attained by the (unadjusted) historic, the Bayes–Stein, and the James–Stein estimators are (sometimes highly) statistically significant over the 1966–1995 and 1966–1981 sub-periods. This lends support to the idea that the joint empirical probability assessment approach based on the recent past, with and without Stein-based corrections for estimation error, contains information that can be profitably exploited. The relationship of these findings to the extant literature on momentum and contrarian strategies is addressed.     

我国证券投资基金的积极资产组合管理能力研究

本文以19支开放式基金和23支封闭式基金为研究样本,通过改进PCM模型,设计适用于非有效市场或弱有效市场的指标S,来考察我国证券投资基金在2005年1月1日至2007年6月30日这段研究区间内的积极资产组合管理能力,并对开放式基金和封闭式基金的积极资产组合管理能力进行比较分析.研究发现,开放式基金和封闭式基金均有较强的积极资产组合管理能力;封闭式基金的积极资产组合管理能力整体要高于开放式基金,特别是在上涨和震荡行情中;同时,市场走势的波动也会对基金的积极资产组合管理能力产生一定的影响.     

我国证券投资基金的积极资产组合管理能力研究

本文以19支开放式基金和23支封闭式基金为研究样本,通过改进PCM模型,设计适用于非有效市场或弱有效市场的指标S,来考察我国证券投资基金在2005年1月1日至2007年6月30日这段研究区间内的积极资产组合管理能力,并对开放式基金和封闭式基金的积极资产组合管理能力进行比较分析。研究发现,开放式基金和封闭式基金均有较强的积极资产组合管理能力;封闭式基金的积极资产组合管理能力整体要高于开放式基金,特别是在上涨和震荡行情中;同时,市场走势的波动也会对基金的积极资产组合管理能力产生一定的影响。