交易对手信用风险的度量及其防范

金融危机暴露了银行经营的衍生品等业务中广泛存在的交易对手信用风险。本文以巴塞尔委员会对交易对手信用风险的管理路径为基础,详细总结了交易对手信用风险的概念和特征,分析比较了度量交易对手信用风险的模型,并对如何防范交易对手信用风险进行了研究。     

网络交易信用风险的防范分析

网络交易不受时空限制、交易成本低、传送快捷,因此,网上购物逐渐成为人们购物方式。但由于网络空间的广泛性和虚拟性,交易双方无法确认对方身份的真实性及其信用,使交易双方产生信任危机,阻碍了电子商务的发展。分析网络交易信用风险表现及原因,提出解决网络交易信用风险的措施。     

论信用风险概念界定及启示

信用风险管理的一个重要基础是对于信用风险概念的正确认识。本文分析比较了三种不同的信用风险概念,并以国外先进商业银行的信用风险管理方法为依据,得出结论:现代意义上的信用风险应包括由交易对手直接违约和交易对手违约可能性变化而给投资组合造成损失的风险。     

基于博弈论视角的电子商务信用风险研究

本文采用博弈论的相关模型,分析在电子商务交易中信用模式的选择问题,从而找出克服信用风险的可能性及手段,以期从理论上寻找和支持信用风险的控制机制。     

试论企业如何运用商业信用风险影响因素

所谓商业信用风险就是指企业利用信用度进行交易,将会给企业带来经济损失的风险。随着现代经济交易模式的增多,商业信用风险防范逐渐成为了企业管理中的重要内容。本文将对企业如何运用商业信用风险影响因素进行分析、讨论。     

赊欠经营——农业企业作为信用中介的研究

在我国农业产业化过程中广泛存在着赊欠现象,作为对农村正规金融的一种补充,龙头企业、农业大户对农户赊欠农资发挥着重要的信用中介作用。本文主要通过对中外农业赊欠案例的考察,指出赊欠的相互联系的信用本质,探讨了龙头企业和农民通过赊欠建立相互联系的原因;重点分析了赊欠经营的运行机制,指出赊欠经营作为一种经营机制,是契约农业成功运转的关键因素之一;最后得出结论,赊欠在我国农业产业化过程中以及扶贫中是值得利用的一种方式。     

建立内部评级体系 实行信用风险量化管理

一、信用风险管理模式的演变信用风险是指交易对象无力履约而给交易另一方带来损失的可能性,包括客户实际发生违约的可能性及由于客户信用评级的变动和履约能力的变化导致其债务的市场价值变动引起损失的可能性。信用风险是最古老的金融风险,客户违约将危及银行正常的清偿能力,     

信用风险计量前沿探析

在我国信贷规模高速增长、金融创新加速推进、部分领域信用风险持续聚集的背景下,对商业银行信用风险计量的研究更显紧迫。近年来,国际信用风险计量研究快速发展,"单个交易对手信用风险计量模型的研究→对交易对手组合信用风险计量模型的研究→对金融系统性信用风险计量模型的研究"的研究脉络日渐明晰。文章结合监管要求,围绕上述三大领域,对信用风险计量研究进展进行述评,为强化国内银行信用风险管理和金融监管提供参考。     

电子商务交易中信用机制的博弈分析

随着我国电子商务的蓬勃发展,交易额不断的快速攀升,然而交易中的欺诈事件也有增多的趋势,由此引发的信用风险已成为阻碍电子商务良性发展的重要因素之一。针对这一问题,文中以博弈论为基本理论依据,分析电子商务交易行为中的信用机制与策略选择,并有针对性地提出了一些网上交易中信用风险的防范措施。     

信用衍生工具风险管理功能分析

目前,我国银行业面临的最大风险莫过于信用风险。信用衍生工具将信用风险从市场风险中分离出来,使其变得可以交易和管理,从根本上改变了传统的信用风险管理模式。     

An Empirical Investigation of Trade Credit Demand

This paper investigates the motivations for a firm's demand for trade credit. Demand for credit is modelled as a function of transaction costs motivations, financing motivations, operational considerations, seller compliance issues and supplier marketing, whilst controlling for the firm's business environment and for firm characteristics such as size and industry. This paper builds on previous studies by considering a wider range of factors that can affect trade credit demand holistically on a single sample. It appears that the use of trade credit is widespread, and that it is generally perceived as an important short term financing option, although the availability of trade credit is not a major influence on supplier choice. The level of a firm's trade credit demand is found to be significantly influenced by transaction costs, financing, operational issues, marketing activities by suppliers, the firm's investment in trade debtors and firm size.     

Trade Credit,Bank Credit,and Flight to Quality: Evidence from French SMEs

This paper investigates the impact of the global financial crisis on the allocation of credit to small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Using samples of French SMEs from four industries, we found support for the prediction of the flight‐to‐quality hypothesis that in bad times, credit flows away from smaller constrained firms to larger, higher grade firms. We also examined the relation between bank credit and trade credit in terms of two hypotheses: the substitution hypothesis and the complementary hypothesis. The results of fixed effects panel regressions showed that trade credit for small firms during periods of tight money acts generally as complement rather than substitute to bank credit, thus providing empirical support for the redistribution view of trade credit.     

异质性生产率、货款回收与中国企业出口

采用2005-2008年东三省持续存在的8 932家企业面板数据,本文检验了生产率和货款回收因素在出口中的作用,发现出口企业的全要素生产率、货款回收率都高于非出口企业,这说明该地区并不存在出口"生产率悖论;"高生产率和规避国内账款回收困难是企业出口的决定因素,通过对应收账款的内生性分析发现这一结果是稳健的;企业所有制性质、企业规模也会促进出口,而利润和企业成立年限对出口的影响并不显著。因此,提升企业效率、改善企业运行机制、健全社会信用制度是我国亟待解决的现实问题。     

上市公司提供商业信用的影响因素研究

我国企业在交易中采用赊销的比例低于欧美国家。以"应收账款/流动资产"作为商业信用水平的度量指标,对影响上市公司提供商业信用的因素进行研究发现:上市公司较少依赖提供商业信用来进行质量信号传递;拥有较高存货水平的上市公司为了减低存储成本、促进销售,会采用较为宽松的信用政策,从而导致应收账款的增加;在信用普遍缺失的环境下,对坏账损失的担忧抑制了企业主动通过提供商业信用为客户融资,进而来扩大或保护自己竞争优势的行为;在行业景气的情况下,对未来的乐观预期降低了经营者对坏账的担忧,进而倾向于采用较为宽松的信用政策,导致应收账款水平提高。     

非银行信用证的风险及防范

在当前的国际贸易实务中,非银行信用证有逐渐增多的趋势。由于国内部分外贸从业人员对国际贸易惯例的最新修订了解不多,没有及时更新相关知识,导致被国外一些不法分子利用非银行信用证进行诈骗,出现了钱货两空等严重事件。本文的目的就是通过分析非银行信用证开立的依据及其潜在风险,提醒外贸从业人员应谨慎对待非银行信用证,做好非银行信用证风险的防范工作,避免发生恶性事件。     

Trade credit and determinants of profitability in Europe. The case of the agri-food industry

The objective of this paper is to analyse the effect that trade credit has on the determinants of profitability during the crisis period in Europe. We use panel data for a total of 24,177 European agri-food companies from 2010 to 2014. Among our main contributions, we highlight that we isolate the sector effect and study the country effect by separating the different policies and customs with respect to the granting of trade credit. The results confirm, in general, that trade credit affects profitability depending on the country and the characteristics of size, specificity, market power or reputation.     

The trade credit channel revisited: evidence from micro data of Japanese small firms

It is suggested that trade credit can be a substitute for bank loans for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that have little access to external funding sources. Using unique cross-sectional survey data of Japanese SMEs, we conduct a deep investigation into the substitutability between bank loans and trade credit. This survey contains rich information on the suppliers of trade credit to SMEs, thus enabling the examination of the channel through which credit is provided from suppliers to customers. We find that SMEs with little access to bank credit depend more on large suppliers for trade credit. We also find that when a purchase is made from a large supplier, more credit is indeed provided in the form of trade credit. Furthermore, this channel of credit from large suppliers to SMEs is only observed for solvent customers, not for insolvent customers. Our findings suggest that trade credit plays an important role for entrepreneurial firms over the financial growth cycle. For young and small firms with little access to bank loans trade credit is an important funding source.     

On the Ethics of Trade Credit: Understanding Good Payment Practice in the Supply Chain

In spite of its commercial importance and signs of clear concern in public policy arenas, trade credit has not been subjected to systematic, extended analysis in the business ethics literature, even where suppliers as a stakeholder group have been considered. This paper makes the case for serious consideration of the ethics of trade credit and explores the issues surrounding slow payment of debts. It discusses trade debt as a kind of promise, but—noting that not all promises are good ones—goes on to develop an analysis of the ethics of trade credit grounded in an understanding of its fundamental purpose. Making a distinction between “operating” trade credit and “financial” trade credit, the paper provides an account of the maximum period for which it is appropriate for one company to delay payment to another from which it has purchased goods or services. The concern of commentators and policy makers that companies should not take too long to pay their debts is affirmed, but the understanding of what timely payment means is significantly finessed, with one conclusion being that, if debts have not already been settled according to acceptable standard terms of trade, cash should pass quickly back along the supply chain once the customer in the final product market has paid. The analysis has implications not only for companies that take credit but also for external parties that seek to rate companies or set regulations according to speed of payment—an approach that is shown to be misleadingly simplistic, albeit well intentioned. A corresponding important responsibility for suppliers, not to extend excessive credit (and thus act as a quasi-bank), also follows from the analysis developed. Having provided a novel analysis of an important business problem, the paper then discusses some of the related practical issues and makes suggestions for further research.     

Effect of financial development on international trade in Africa: Does measure of finance matter?

Although improving international trade on the back of financial sector development is one of the preoccupations of countries in Africa, empirical literature on financial development-trade nexus has not been rigorous in examining how finance shapes trade. In this study, we examine the effect of financial development on international trade in Africa relying on data for 46 countries over the period 1980–2015. Results from our system generalized method of moments reveal differential effects of finance on trade. In particular, we notice that, private credit does not promote trade while domestic credit positively affects trade. These effects are robust to measures of trade. Thus, improving the level of private (domestic) credit dampens (amplifies) exports and trade openness. However, we also find a U-shaped relationship between private credit and trade measures suggesting that financial sector development may be detrimental (helpful) to trade for economies with low (high) level of private credit.     

Determinants of domestic credit levels in emerging markets: The role of external factors

This paper empirically examines the determinants of domestic credit expansion across a wide range of 24 emerging market economies. We use a dynamic panel data estimation technique to investigate the short-run and long-run effects of internal demand and external supply factors, external balance, different measures of trade openness and global uncertainty on domestic credit. We find that loose monetary policy in the domestic market, differences between domestic and global lending rates and real trade openness positively contribute to domestic credit levels. The findings also show that external balance and perceptions of global tail risk negatively affect domestic credit levels.