Non-traded goods,firm dynamics and wages in a service economy

By considering the term-of-trade and volume-of-trade effects, Jones (2012) examines the distributive effect in a competitive economy with non-traded goods. This paper reexamines the effect in an imperfectively competitive economy with firm dynamics. A rise in foreign demand can generate revenue and also mitigate market distortion, whereas skilled-unskilled wage inequality can be magnified or mitigated via the effect on firm entry or exit. Thus, how to achieve the trade-off among growth, inequality and the environment becomes an important task for government decision-makers, especially so during the pandemic of Covid-19.     

Purchasing Power of Labour: Norwegian Real Wages, 1726–2006

Abstract

By utilizing data from one of the largest international historical archives on wages and prices, this article offers new nominal and real wage series for Norway, 1726–2006. These serve as measures for the purchasing power of labour as input to production. The new series cover all main industries and thereby enables solid conclusions. The new series challenge existing views on the development of the purchasing power of labour in Norway during the last three centuries.     

Increasing Wages,Factor Substitution,and Cropping Pattern Changes in China

This article analyzed the influence of increasing wages on cropping patterns from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The results showed that the increasing labor cost provided a significant incentive to adjust the grain cropping pattern, which increased the production of the three major cereal grains but reduced the production of other grain crops. Increasing wages had a significant negative impact on cash crops. More labor-intensive cash crops experienced a larger negative impact in the context of increasing wages. The increase in labor costs also had a negative impact on the proportion of vegetables produced, which was more evident in northern China. A further mechanism test indicated that factor substitution was a significant reason for cropping pattern changes; this illustrated the substitution of labor by machinery not only between grain crops and cash crops but also among different cash crops.     

东亚外商直接投资、技术进步与经济均衡增长

本文利用结构关联方法,实证分析1985~2004年东亚吸引外资是否会带来技术进步,并以此推动经济均衡增长。东亚经济均衡增长经历了三次路径转移,技术进步决定经济均衡增长路径的动态调整,但技术进步的作用具有时滞性。东亚需要增强吸收和转换技术的能力。     

中间品进口多样化、企业创新与工资水平

基于2000-2006年中国制造业企业数据库以及进出口海关数据库的匹配数据引入企业创新机制效应检验中间品进口多样化的工资溢出效应。研究表明中间品进口多样化、企业创新均能显著提高企业的工资水平。进一步考察企业的出口状态、所有制结构及企业所属地区差异后发现中间品进口多样化对出口企业、外资企业以及东部地区企业的工资影响更为显著。分位数回归结果进一步显示中间品进口多样化及企业创新对工资分布高分位企业的工资影响更为显著。基于中介效应模型的传导机制检验，认为中间品进口多样化通过节约成本、提升生产率及企业创新影响中国制造业企业工资水平的利润共享机制存在。在控制成本效应及生产率效应两种机制之后，企业创新成为中间品进口多样化作用于企业工资的新机制。     

中国进出口贸易品技术分布状况及变化分析

本文将樊纲等人提出的一种测量贸易品技术附加值高低的方法和Lall提出的一种基于贸易品技术含量的分类方法相结合,分析显示2009年我国进出口贸易品的技术分布不像美、德、日那样呈现出一种剪刀差的格局。     

China＇s Labor Transition and the Future of China＇s Rural Wages and Employment

This paper contributes to the assessment of China＇s rural labor markets. According to our data, the increase in off-farm employment that China experienced during the 1980s and 1990s continued during the 2000s. Our analysis shows that migration has become the most prevalent off-farm activity, although the destination of migrants is shifting from outside of one＇s province to destinations closer to home. The present paperfinds that large shares of male and female individuals, especially those under 40 years, are working off the farm. These findings represent an important contribution to the labor economics field. First, the results of the present paper reveal that the labor transition from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector for key segments of China＇s rural labor force is nearly complete. Second, although a large share of China ＂s rural labor force work in agriculture, most of these workers are older men and women （and likely would not be willing to take low-wage, labor-intensive jobs）. Third, the rising unskilled wage rate in China is partially a result of the tightening of the labor force in the young age cohorts. Finally, due to factors associated with the one child policy and other demographic transition forces, successive age cohorts will continue to fall in absolute number in the coming decade. Assuming China＇s growth continues, we expect to see further wage increases since it will take higher wages to coax more workers to work off the farm.     

日本的能源风险、技术应用与技术进步机制

分散原油进口的国别结构对于保障一国能源安全具有重要战略意义.本文在“成本驱动型技术进步机制”理论的基础上,提出了短期“成本驱动型技术应用机制”和长期“风险驱动型技术进步机制”假说,并构建了一个包含能源进口的经济增长决定模型.利用日本1988年1月～2010年10月的月度数据,对工业总产值、原油进口的价格与数量以及原油进口地理集中度共4个变量进行了短期和长期Granger因果关系检验.经验性证据表明:日本同时存在着上述两种机制,无论在短期还是在长期内都足以抵消石油价格冲击的负效应,促进经济增长.茈外,日本调整原油进口地理集中度主要是控制原油进口数量的不确定性,而非原油进口价格波动的风险.本研究从一个崭新的视角解释了能源安全与经济效率的关系.     

对"吉芬商品"的重新解释及实证分析

“吉芬商品”作为一种反常的经济现象，引起了众多经济学家的兴趣。在西方传统的经济学理论中，对其做出了较为详细的解释。笔者通过对反常经济现象的观察和思考，利用凯恩斯经济学中最基本的供需曲线对其做了全新的解释，并且通过对深圳市房地产市场的实证分析，进一步验证了新解释的可靠性。     

林业生态公共产品的层次性供给分析

文章运用现代经济学方法论中的成本效益分析和博弈论的思想指出了林区不同经济和社会发展状况影响着林业生态公共产品供给发展上的两种供给偏好和策略的选择,并循着上述思路较为系统地揭示了林业生态公共产品供给发展的内在矛盾难以进展的深层次原因,进而提出了解决矛盾的新思路：实施层次性的林业生态公共产品供给发展的模式类型和解决思路。     

论我国农村公共产品供给机制的创新:困境、成因与出路

当前我国农村经济社会条件发生了深刻的变化,缺乏有效的农村公共产品的供给已经成为减轻农民负担、制约农村发展和社会主义新农村建设的主要障碍。立足于我国农村经济发展的历史与现实,分析我国农村公共产品供给机制面临的主要困境与原因,并在结合当前我国政府进行社会主义新农村建设的大环境的基础上,探讨如何进行农村公共产品供给机制方面的创新。     

中间品进口、制度环境与出口产品质量升级

文章基于2000-2013年中国工业企业和海关进出口贸易微观匹配数据,在地区制度环境存在显著差异的背景下研究中间品进口、制度环境与对中国制造业出口产品质量之间的关系。实证研究结果表明：（1）中间品进口通过"竞争效应"、"知识溢出效应"、"中间品质量效应"以及"中间品多元化效应"机制影响企业出口产品质量,但提升效果会因企业所有制、贸易方式、中间品进口来源国、技术复杂度不同而具有显著的异质性;（2）制度环境改善一方面可以直接提升出口产品质量,另一方面强化了中间品进口对出口产品质量的提升效应,中间品进口与制度环境在影响出口产品质量方面存在互补性;（3）文章进一步从动态视角考察了进口持续期对出口产品质量的影响,研究得出二者呈现"U"型关系,短期进口无法提升出口产品质量,持续进口以及适时进入可以显著提升出口产品质量。本研究为中国出口产品国际竞争力提升,改善区域制度环境提供了理论与现实支撑。     

对“吉芬商品”的重新解释及实证分析

“吉芬商品”作为一种反常的经济现象,引起了众多经济学家的兴趣。在西方传统的经济学理论中,对其做出了较为详细的解释。笔者通过对反常经济现象的观察和思考,利用凯恩斯经济学中最基本的供需曲线对其做了全新的解释,并且通过对深圳市房地产市场的实证分析,进一步验证了新解释的可靠性。     

全球公共产品供给的学术轨迹及其下一步

全球公共产品是传统公共产品研究内容的拓展,全球化的快速发展使得对全球公共产品的需求日趋强烈。对全球公共产品的定义与特征、全球公共产品的分类、全球公共产品供给主体和方式、全球公共产品供给现状及原因、全球公共产品的融资等方面的研究表明,未来全球公共产品重点研究的方向,应是供应主体、供给融资方式、供给决策规则和过程、供给管理监督激励机制和国际公共财政方面。     

企业债务结构对员工工资动态影响的研究

文章构建理论与实证模型并使用系统GMM的计量方法,探讨了企业债务及其结构对员工工资的动态影响。研究发现：企业员工工资与资本结构显著正相关,对债务结构进行进一步考察发现,员工工资与短期负债率和长期负债率都是显著正相关的,且工资对短期负债率的变动比对长期负债率的变动更为敏感。     

Wages,Productivity and Labour's Declining Income Share in Post‐Apartheid South Africa

The Marikana incident in 2012, as well as the protracted strikes by platinum miners, metal and postal workers in 2014 suggest that not all is well in the South African labour market. Even though those in employment are better off than the unemployed poor, macroeconomic data indicate that labour's share in gross value added has declined significantly during the first two decades following the first democratic election in 1994. A falling share of labour in income also means, by definition, that average labour productivity growth outstrips real wages growth. Data for South Africa suggest that productivity has indeed increased faster than wages in South Africa. This article argues that financialisation and more aggressive returns‐oriented investment strategies applied by for instance large investment institutions translated into higher required rates of return on capital, which in turn caused an increased implementation of capital‐augmenting labour‐saving technology that reduces labour's share in income.     

Durable Goods,Time Preference and The Dynamics of the Current Account

A small open economy model with an endogenous time preference is used to study the current account dynamics when consumption exhibits durability. There is a unique level of instantaneous utility and stock of durables that must be maintained in the steady state. A terms of trade deterioration requires a net asset accumulation and a fall in consumption expenditures along the adjustment path. Nevertheless, the fall in consumption expenditures leads to a fall in the stock of durables, which has to be corrected somewhere along the adjustment path, and which may lead to a non-monotonic adjustment of the current account (J-curve).