Will Entrepreneurship Promote Productivity Growth in China?

Based on data obtained from the Survey of Industrial Firms in China, the Chinese General Social Survey and prefecture‐level city data, this paper explores whether entrepreneurship will promote productivity growth in China. The research also examines whether entrepreneurship acts as a transmission mechanism affecting productivity through market competition, knowledge spillover and factor structure. Our empirical results reveal a relatively significant U‐shaped relationship between entrepreneurship and productivity and confirm the existence of a transmission mechanism of entrepreneurship. Among the three effects, the market competition effect is the most significant, followed by knowledge spillover and factor structure effects. An entrepreneurial heterogeneity test reveals that there is no significant difference between the effect of necessity entrepreneurship and overall entrepreneurship on productivity. However, a positive correlation is found between opportunistic entrepreneurship and productivity. Therefore, entrepreneurship plays a unique role in promoting economic growth in China.     

Entrepreneurship,private economy and growth: Evidence from China

This paper examines the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth by using a panel data set of 29 provinces in China over 20 years. Two indicators of entrepreneurship are defined and introduced into the traditional growth regression framework that is estimated using the system generalized method of moments. We also use the ratio of staff and workers of state-owned enterprises and per capita sown land area as the instrumental variables to identify the causal effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth. Our results suggest that entrepreneurship has a significant positive effect on economic growth and this finding is robust even after we control for other demographic and institutional variables. Our study provides some evidence that may be used as a basis for evaluating the effect of China's policy on private business which has been increasingly relaxed since the late 1970s.     

学历对劳动者创业决定的影响——基于中国微观数据的实证研究

文章基于中国综合社会调查数据库（China General Social Survey,CGSS）2010、2012和2015年的调查数据,采用Probit模型探讨了个体受教育年限对创业选择的影响,并引入性别、家庭背景两个调节变量分析其对二者关系的影响。由于模型存在内生性,选取个体英语水平作为工具变量。研究结果表明：个体的学历对创业倾向有抑制效果,即受教育年限越长,其创业倾向越低;男性个体的受教育年限对其创业行为的抑制效果相较于女性明显减弱;所处家庭背景较好的个体的受教育年限对其创业行为的抑制效果明显增强。文章的研究结论对于我国推动"大众创业,万众创新",制定相关创业鼓励政策具有参考作用。     

The effects of local government leadership turnover on entrepreneurial behavior

The behavior of entrepreneurs is significantly affected by the rules of the game and the behaviors of government officials, because they can affect the relative payoffs to different entrepreneurial activities. Based on a representative survey data of private firms and the information of city government officials in China, this paper shows that the change of key local government officials affects the time allocation of the entrepreneurs, and subsequently the performance of firms. In order to maintain and develop the business-government relationship, entrepreneurs have to allocate less time on productive activities and more time on non-productive activities. This effect is particularly large if 1) entrepreneurs do not have political connections, 2) new officials lack local working experience, 3) private firms belong to special industries, 4) private firms have large number of employees. This paper provides micro-level evidence to Baumol's entrepreneurship allocation theory and a mechanism to account for the observed negative effect of local government leadership turnover on local economic growth in China.     

Public Policy Environment and Entrepreneurial Activities: Evidence from China

What determines the effectiveness of government entrepreneurship policies on the regional development of entrepreneurial activities in China? Using panel data analysis, this study develops a comprehensive framework that examines the effects of various factors, including government efficiency and government support for business, finance and technology, on facilitating the creation of new ventures. Based on provincial data collected between 2009 and 2014, we find that the level of infrastructure development, government incubators and venture capital‐guided funds have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurial activities. The findings of our study suggest that local government efficiency is a fundamental precondition for entrepreneurship policies to effectively boost the regional economy.     

What drives spatial clusters of entrepreneurship in China? Evidence from economic census data

Since Chinese government initiated economic reform in the late 1970s, entrepreneurship and private sectors have emerged gradually and played an increasingly important role in promoting economic growth. However, entrepreneurship is distributed unevenly in China. Using micro data from 2008 economic census and 2005 population census, this paper explains spatial clusters of entrepreneurship for both manufacturing and services. For both sectors, entrepreneurship (measured by new private firms) tends to emerge in places with more relevant upstream and downstream firms. Moreover, Chinitz's (1961) theories are also supported for manufacturing: small upstream and downstream firms seem to be more important for manufacturing entrepreneurship. For both sectors, entrepreneurship is positively related to city size, the share of young adults and the elderly population, and foreign direct investment. More migrants are also found to promote service entrepreneurship. Our paper is the first to consider both manufacturing and service entrepreneurship in China and should be of interest to both local and national policymakers who plan to encourage entrepreneurship.     

微观环境与农民创业绩效关系研究——基于陕西省223名农民创业者的实证分析

文章基于陕西省安康市和铜川市223名典型农民创业者的调查数据,从微观环境特性视角,运用结构方程分析技术考察了创业环境构成维度(即环境动态性和环境复杂性)对农民创业绩效构成维度(即生存绩效和成长绩效)的作用效果。研究结果表明,环境动态性对生存性绩效有显著正向影响,对成长绩效正向影响不显著,环境复杂性对生存绩效和成长绩效均有显著正向影响。     

家族性资源战略传承:从适应性到选择性组合创业——一个纵向案例研究

家族企业的跨代持续成长是其获取长效竞争优势的关键，以创业作为传承路径逐步获得认可，然而创业对家族企业传承的系统机制分析尚未形成。基于此，本研究从关注家族企业传承什么和如何传承转向创业对家族性资源战略传承以及对家族企业获得可持续发展的微观作用机制的研究。文章基于资源观视角，以兼具创业和传承特征的宁波夏厦齿轮有限公司为研究对象，采用单案例纵向研究，剖析在不同组合创业阶段家族性资源的代际传递和生成机制以及相关传承的策略性要素。研究发现：组合创业是家族性资源传承的有效途径，初次的适应性组合创业具有实验性质，是家族提供给继承者特有的试错和经验积累的过程，与后续的选择性组合创业形成一个创业深化体系；一代家族性资源为二代组合创业提供了得天独厚的资源，传承的策略性要素（家族信任、战略性教育和家族愿景认同）推动二代从适应性组合创业到选择性组合创业到一代+二代选择性组合创业的转化，促使二代家族性资源不断生成和内化并进一步驱动家族代际资源的融合和升华；最后文章构建了基于家族性资源传承的跨代组合创业理论模型。为家族企业传承和跨代持续成长提供启迪和借鉴，为后续创业行为研究和传承战略研究提供参考。     

Comparison of Entrepreneurship Environment for Executives between State-owned and Private Enterprises in China

This research aims at exploring the differences in the effects of environment on entrepreneurship growth between state‐owned enterprises and private businesses. Through executive investigation, reasons are provided for better performance of private businesses. Environmental factors, including economic, legal, technological, cultural and social factors, which influence entrepreneurship growth, are examined to determine differences between state‐owned enterprise and private business executives. It is found that the methods of executive assignment to managerial posts determine executives’effort towards entrepreneurship.     

模仿创业研究综述与未来展望

模仿创业在中国独特的转型时期对经济增长具有一定推动作用,然而目前有关模仿创业的相关研究仍然较少,因而有必要对模仿创业相关研究进行系统梳理。该研究在梳理国内外相关文献基础上,试图明晰当前模仿创业的研究趋势,界定模仿创业概念内涵,提炼其特点及模仿方式,总结模仿创业的诱因及关键影响因素,揭示模仿创业产生的结果。最后将当前研究主题纳入一个综合研究框架,总结现有研究不足,并展望未来研究方向,以期为后续学者深入探究模仿创业提供启示。     

乡村振兴背景下互联网使用对农民创业的影响及机制研究

乡村振兴是新时代"三农"工作的总抓手，而互联网则是助力实现乡村振兴的重要抓手。文章基于2016年中国家庭追踪调查数据，论证了互联网使用对农民创业的影响与机制。研究发现：互联网使用与农民创业呈显著正相关；采用替代变量法进行稳健性检验及工具变量法与倾向得分匹配法处理内生性问题之后，互联网使用依然具有"创业效应"；机制分析表明，信息渠道效应、社会资本效应与风险偏好效应是互联网使用影响农民创业的重要渠道。"产业兴旺、生活富裕"是乡村振兴战略的两大要求。在乡村振兴背景下，全面推进互联网进村入户，提高农民互联网使用率，有助于发挥互联网服务农民创业的功能。另外，应继续优化农民创业环境，不断释放农民创业潜力，加速乡村振兴战略目标的实现。     

创业导向下女性高管对家族企业财务绩效的影响——来自性别属性与家族属性的双重效应

文章通过区分家族女性高管和非家族女性高管两类群体，实证检验了在家族企业创业成长的过程中，性别属性与家族属性带来的双重影响。研究结果表明，与独立型女性高管相比，与控制家族有血缘关系的亲缘型女性高管参与治理会对家族企业财务绩效产生更为积极的影响，且在内部创业导向下该积极作用更显著。独立型女性高管对财务绩效无直接显著作用，且在内部创业导向下，会削减家族企业的绩效，在外部创业导向下也没有体现出积极作用。本研究揭示了在以内部创业导向为主的家族企业中，家族经验、家族关系等家族属性可以一定程度上弥补女性角色在家族企业治理中的不足，为日益蓬勃的女性后代继任的家族企业创业成长给出了一定的有益指导。     

社会创业企业资源拼凑行为的驱动机制研究——基于模糊集的定性比较分析

社会创业日益成为我国创业活动的重要形式，社会创业企业由于兼顾双重使命导致其面临严峻的资源困境。资源拼凑被认为是突破资源困局的有效途径，然而，社会创业企业资源拼凑行为的驱动机制尚不明确。文章构建了先前经验、社会网络、市场导向、创业导向、环境包容性影响社会创业企业资源拼凑行为的理论模型，以国内26家社会创业企业为样本，运用模糊集的定性比较分析方法对理论模型进行实证分析。研究发现不同类型的资源拼凑行为具有不同的前因组态，高先前经验、高社会网络、低市场导向、低创业导向的联动匹配能够激发社会创业企业要素拼凑行为；高先前经验、高社会网络、高市场导向、低环境包容性的联动匹配能够激发社会创业企业市场拼凑行为；高先前经验、高社会网络、低市场导向、高创业导向、低环境包容性的联动匹配能够激发社会创业企业制度拼凑行为。本研究丰富了社会创业领域及资源拼凑理论的研究成果，对我国社会创业企业突破资源困境也具有重要启示。     

创业与家族企业研究前沿与热点:基于BibExcel词频软件的文献计量分析

为了识别近十年国外创业与家族企业领域知识体系的演进发展趋势，文章基于近10年国外创业与家族企业核心期刊的关键词数据，利用BibExcel词频分析法列出了创业与家族企业领域常见的理论视角与话题，并通过趋势分析，推测未来几年该领域的研究方向。研究发现，创业与家族企业领域的理论视角具有明显的多样化特征，主流管理理论增长趋势放缓，而创业和家族企业特有的理论视角得到了更频繁的关注。话题关键词部分，创业研究呈现出了多极发展的趋势，家族企业研究则对传统的话题如传承、代际创业与家族性等保持着一如既往的热度，而战略领域的主流话题在创业与家族企业领域也富有旺盛的活力，中小企业的筹资、投资行为是上升最快的议题，而家族企业与新创企业的非经济作用，如企业社会责任等也受到了更多重视。     

农户创业与农村经济增长相互促进吗——基于VAR模型的实证分析

文章构建了农户创业与农村经济增长的计量经济模型,并根据1992-2012年的统计数据,运用协整检验、Granger检验和脉冲响应函数分析等方法对两者之间的互动关系进行实证研究,结果表明:农户创业与农村经济增长之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,但两者之间并非相互促进。具体来说,农户创业对农村经济增长具有显著的正向影响,而农村经济增长并不会导致农户创业活动的增加。     

从返乡到创业——互联网接入对农民工决策影响的实证分析

基于全国农村固定跟踪观察点2009-2013年的数据，文章实证检验了互联网接入与返乡农民工创业之间的关系，并从社会资本和人力资本两条路径探讨了互联网接入对返乡农民工创业的作用机制。研究发现：返乡农民工的创业意愿很低，返乡农民工中平均只有2.30%选择创业。互联网接入会显著促进返乡农民工创业，具体而言，互联网的接入概率每增加1个百分点，返乡农民工的创业概率提升0.036%。相对于东部地区的返乡农民工而言，互联网接入会显著促进西部的返乡农民工进行创业，而对中部和东北地区的返乡农民工则不存在显著的影响。机制分析结果显示，返乡农民工会通过互联网感知新的知识技能，提升人力资本而促进创业。文章主要结论在使用工具变量的稳健性分析中没有变化。因此，鼓励已返乡农民工创业，特别是强化技能培训以更好地发挥互联网对返乡农民工创业的促进作用，对成功实施乡村振兴战略至关重要。     

制度变迁与女性创业者崛起——来自LN家族的案例

以一个长时段的女性主导的家族创业为例,考察制度变迁与中国女性创业者崛起的关系,既有理论的必要性、也有现实的合理性。作者采用扎根理论方法,构建了基于制度理论的分析模型,用研究中自然涌现的"男女平权、创业合法化、女性创业能力"三个基本要素刻画了女性创业者崛起的关键因素。研究结果显示,制度变迁的发生顺序造就了中国女性创业者的崛起,集权体制具有发起大规模社会变革的效率优势,男女平权制度冲击了传统家庭模式和性别分工,改革开放实现创业合法化,通过干中学等方式女性积累并提高了发现、利用创业机会的能力,在三因素的共同作用下,中国女性创业者走上了崛起之路。作者基于制度变迁的视角建立了女性创业的理论框架,分析女性创业的原因以及如何兴起的过程。     

Effects of financial reform on business entry in sub‐Saharan African countries: Do resource dependence and institutional quality matter?

This paper examined the effects of the financial liberalization strategy adopted on the African continent over 25 years ago in promoting new business entry using data from 22 sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries in 2006–2017. Results from the dynamic generalized method of moments models show that: financial development via a policy of financial liberalization does not have a uniform effect on entrepreneurship; the interest rate gap significantly undermines the entrance of new firms; the ratio of broad money/gross domestic product (GDP) was positive and statistically significant while real interest rate had mixed findings; interactive effects of interest rate spread and real interest rate with regulatory quality was negative; the interaction of interest rate spread and real interest rate with natural resources confirms its destabilizing effect, although there was evidence suggesting that natural resources do not directly undermine entrepreneurship growth. Other results show real GDP and private credit have a significantly positive effect, and the cost of getting electricity significantly undermines entrepreneurship. The study calls for the need to deepen the financial sector though targeted reforms across SSA countries to reap its growth‐inducing effects on economic outcomes, while promoting institutional quality and efficient use of natural resources to achieve a non‐declining infusion of SMEs on the continent.     

中国创业政策的历史变迁

随着改革开放的不断深入和非公有制经济合法地位的逐步确立,我国创业政策经历了一个历史变迁过程。创业政策的历史变迁与经济体制改革是同步的,并受社会就业形势的影响,大体分为四个阶段:第一阶段,鼓励个体经济发展的创业政策;第二阶段,鼓励私营经济发展的创业政策;第三阶段,鼓励非公有制经济发展的创业政策;第四阶段,鼓励以创业带动就业的政策。     

Political institutions,entrenchments, and the sustainability of economic development – A lesson from rural finance

This paper provides insights on the sustainability of economic development from a historical and political economy perspective. We demonstrate that China's rural financial policy in the 1980s was quite liberal in employing market mechanisms, supporting entrepreneurship, and encouraging competition. These policies were abandoned in the early 1990s and replaced by ubiquitous government interferences that shifted resource and policy priorities to benefit political incumbents. A large panel of survey data confirms that rural household access to finance decreased dramatically in the 1990s and that the statistical significance of economic entrepreneurial factors in determining credit allocation also fell. Further empirical analyses show that market economic conditions are not sufficient to explain these changes and the evidence is consistent with a political entrenchment motive during the political regime after the turmoil in the year 1989. Given the connection between entrenchment and underdevelopment, our findings raise the concern that China's political institutions' insufficient limits on the government could be a challenge for China to sustain its economic success.