Rice in Indonesia: Price Policy and Comparative Advantage

Indonesia's remarkable success in increasing rice production has been achieved through deliberate government intervention. This paper highlights the price policy interventions in the Output and input markets for rice. Summary measures of these interventions are estimated and their impact on private profitability is determined. Economic profitability of paddy and rice production is also estimated for selected regions and these estimates are used to pinpoint comparative advantage across. regions.     

Effective Protection in Indonesia in 1987 1

This paper provides estimates of the 1987 levels of nominal and effective protection for 134 tradeable industries based on the 1985 Indonesian input-output table. The average nominal rate of protection was 11.5%; the average effective rate was 18.5%. The standard deviations of nominal and effective rates across the 134 tradeable sectors were 17 and 48 percentage points, respectively. The results confirm that the net effect of policies has been to subsidise manufacturing at the expense of mining and quarrying, and to a lesser extent agriculture. The average effective rates of protection for these broad aggregates were. 44% for manufacturing, including oil refining; 80% for manufacturing, excluding oil refining; 19% for agriculture; and -1% for mining (including crude oil and gas) and quarrying. Policy in 1987 was also strongly biased in favour of import substitution at the expense of export expansion: the average effective rate of protection for all import-competing sectors was 47%, while that for all export-competing sectors was -2%.     

The Structure of Protection in Indonesia in 1989 1

Around the mid-1980s, Indonesia's protectionist regime supported an industrial structure in which industries were mainly oriented towards producing for the domestic market. Since then, trade policies have shifted to a more outward-looking strategy, stimulating the growth and diversification of non-oil manufactured exports. This paper attempts to quantify the nominal and effective rates of protection resulting from trade policies at the end of the 1980s. After an introduction in which the 1989 trade policies are discussed, estimates of nominal and effective rates of protection are presented. It is shown that though the level of protection has declined since 1987, it still varies widely across economic sectors. Furthermore, despite the more open trade strategy, the paper's findings show that the trade regime remains biased against exports. Finally, by examining some trade policy issues, the paper presents further ways of rationalising the structure of protection in Indonesia's industrial sector.     

Comparative and Competitive Advantage

This paper reviews the relevance of the concepts of comparative and competitive advantage for the developing countries of the Asian-Pacific region. It argues that the competitive advantage supporters' attack on the comparative advantage concept rests partly on a misunderstanding of comparative advantage and partly on a false analogy–that between the determinants of the success of a single firm and the success of a nation. The central theme is that for a developing country, as for any other, while competitive advantage may be relevant for the performance of firms, comparative advantage remains as relevant as ever for the performance of the nation.     

比较优势与发展中赶超

比较优势理论的要义是贸易可能性,而不是贸易效益。比较优势战略作为比较优势理论在发展战略的具体运用,并不能保证一国获得持续、较高的贸易效益。追求贸易效益的最大化是理性国家对外贸易长期追求的目标,只有在比较优势基础上,获得贸易的竞争优势,才能实现发展中赶超。中国比较优势战略的实施对贸易水平的提高和贸易结构的提升有积极的意义,应在贸易和经济发展的新阶段,形成经济全球化条件下参与国际经济合作与竞争的新优势。     

经济全球化与比较优势

经济全球化是大势所趋,世界各国尤其是发展中国家要从全球化中受益,化挑战为机遇,就要注意发挥好自身的比较优势,并通过不断创新使比较优势转化为持久的竞争力。 　　一、经济全球化为比较优势的发挥提供了广阔的天地 　　近年来,以知识经济和信息技术为动力的经济全球化迅速发展。经济全球化使一切国家的生产和消费都成为世界性的了。世界贸易组织总干事鲁杰·罗曾说过：“以要素自由流动为基础的经济全球化趋势不可逆转、正在加速。”这是世界经济发展的历史潮流。经济全球化是生产力发展的必然结果,是人类社会的巨大进步。全球经…     

论复合比较优势

近年来,我国经济学界出现了关于比较优势和竞争优势的论争,争论的焦点在于中国的对外贸易发展是应该以比较优势抑或竞争优势为基础。本文旨在从内生和外生的角度对比较优势进行扩展,从而将比较优势和竞争优势纳入统一分析框架之下,为贸易理论和中国的对外贸易发展提供更为合理的分析基础。最后,从发挥复合比较优势的角度,对中国的外贸发展提供了政策建议。     

比较优势背景的大国优势与机制催生

大国的综合竞争优势的发挥需要一个前提条件:适宜的激励机制和治理结构。改革开放以来,由经济分权和政治集权所生成的地方政府竞争制度,就是实现和发挥我国大国综合优势的最重要激励机制。地方政府竞争下,地区间基于比较优势的分工、产权改革和制度创新、公共物品供给和基础设施建设三个因素能有效地促使我国大国综合优势的发挥和区域经济增长;而地方保护主义、产业选择中的重复建设、招商引资中滑向底层的竞争、地方政府投资过度和宏观经济波动四个因素却会抑制我国大国综合优势的发挥,加大地区差距。     

The Demography of Indonesia in Comparative Perspective

Having reduced its fertility rate over the past 40 years, Indonesia has reached a new demographic crossroad. Its fertility rate is now around 2.5 births per woman, which, if sustained, would add substantial numbers to Indonesia's population in the future. There are concerns within Indonesia that the present level of population growth is an obstacle to continued economic development and, accordingly, that fertility should be reduced to the replacement level of 2.1 births per woman as soon as possible. Yet a comparative perspective indicates that countries such as Singapore, Japan, and Thailand are concerned about the effects that their very low rates of fertility are having on their labour forces and their rates of population ageing. This article suggests that with the right policy settings Indonesia can avoid this outcome yet continue to reduce its fertility. It discusses the implications of Indonesia's population growth and distribution for its economy, as well as the poor quality of demographic data.     

动态比较优势经验研究

本文把国际学术界广泛运用于人均国民收入发散与收敛研究的分析方法-独立随机增量过程马尔可无法链引入产业比较优势分析,实现了比较优势经验研究动态变化,使之能准确地描述比较优势的发展趋势,并为比较优势“延续性”、“流动性”的确定以及幼稚工业的识别提供了技术支持。     

经济发展的比较优势战略理论--兼评《对中国外贸战略与贸易政策的评论》

在《对中国外贸战略与贸易政策的评论》一文中,作者在对林毅夫的比较优势战略理论进行一系列批评之后,提出“中国对外贸易战略的理论依据,是以动态比较优势为基础,以比较优势的转换为导向,同时有选择地利用静态比较优势,有重点地推行逆比较优势战略。”[1] 进而,作者认为,“新时期的对外贸易政策作为产业结构政策的一个重要支撑,要支持、促进新兴主导产业的发展和产业结构的升级。根据中国加入WTO后的国际贸易环境和有保护的出口促进战略的取向,对外贸易政策调整的关键,是处理好政府适度干预和有效干预的问题。在这方面,我们要重视战略性…     

Comparative Advantage,Trade, and Transboundary Pollution

It is common for studies on trade and environment issues to model trade patterns as driven by environmental considerations. Under conditions of trade liberalization, these studies predict the rise of pollution havens and an increase in global pollution. The extant empirical literature, however, gives only mixed support at best for the notion that trade patterns are influenced by environmental issues. We develop a simple model to investigate whether trade based on traditional comparative advantage may lead to increased global pollution. We find that trade may lead to increased global pollution if both trading nations exhibit increasing marginal disutilities of pollution.     

论落后国家的贸易条件、比较优势与技术进步

本文通过对两国模型的一般均衡分析，从贸易的角度阐明了推动技术进步重要性，指出在经济全球化的进程中，像中国这样的发展中国家不权要利用现有的比较优势，更应当通过教育和科技政策，转变比较优势。本文的分析表明，推动技术进步不能仅仅推动高技术产业或低技术产业的发展，而应当同时提高两类产业的技术水平。只有这样，才能既获得当前的贸易得益，又获得长远的增长得益，从而缩小与发达国家的差距。     

中日贸易的比较优势与互补性分析

中日双边贸易关系是中日关系的重要组成部分。通过运用贸易结合度指数、显性比较优势指数和贸易互补性指数,对1996年至2005年中日双边贸易的现状和发展趋势、比较优势和贸易互补性进行测算,分析结果表明中国与日本志比较优势上存在较明显差异,中日两国之间的贸易无论在出口上还是在进口上均具有互补性,仍以跨行业贸易为主要特征。加强中日经贸关系有利于两国更好地发挥现有的比较优势,促进两国经济的发展。     

深圳高科技产业的比较优势

要以发达国家(地区)和发展中国家(地区)两个参照系以及要素成本和要素质量两个比较元素来分析深圳高科技产业的比较优势。深圳与发达国家的城市相比,具有要素成本优势;与发展中国家的城市相比,具有要素质量优势。     

Non-Tariff Trade Regulations in Indonesia: Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection

Non-tariff regulations on imports and exports have spread in Indonesia since 2011. I report findings of a study of many of these regulations, in which a variety of methods were used to estimate the associated nominal rates of protection. These findings were then used to estimate effective rates of protection (ERPs) across 140 tradable-goods sectors in the Indonesian economy in early 2015, taking into account also the effects of the most-favoured-nation and preferential-import tariff schedules, anti-dumping and safeguard duties, export levies, duty drawbacks and exemptions, domestic sub-sidies, and excise taxes. I find that the magnitude and dispersion of ERPs were higher in 2015 than in early 2008, for which a similar study was previously conducted, and that much of the variability was related to quantitative trade restrictions. In particular, the regulations examined boosted a measure of the cost of living by 7.6% in 2015, compared with 2.5% in 2008.     

比较优势理论与“贫困化增长”问题

比较优势理论是西方国家分工也国际贸易理论的基石,但是广大发展中国家在践行比较优势理论时却遇到了贫困化增长问题,本文分析了贫困化增长的原因,并认为解决贫困化增长问题的关键在于坚持比较优势理论的动态化。     

贸易自由化模式与中国的比较优势

对双边自由贸易组织的现实合理性及其过渡性分析发现,基于经济利益的考虑,亚洲的发展中国家和地区倾向于选择双边先行的自由贸易体制。要获得更大的贸易收益,中国必须积极主动融入到区域经济一体化进程。在贸易收益只取决于相对偏好和相对人口比例大小的条件下,中国和东盟建立自由贸易区符合国家战略的必然选择,同时中国应加快实施战略性贸易政策,扶植高新技术产业,促进经济结构升级,在东亚经济一体化进程中掌握先发的制度优势和技术优势。