Rural entrepreneurship and job creation: the hybrid identity of village-cadre-entrepreneurs

Poverty alleviation has been one of the most important issues in human society, especially in rural areas. As a critical solution to settle rural poverty, entrepreneurship increases rural entrepreneurs' income and creates job opportunities in rural communities. However, why rural entrepreneurs have different employment choices remains underexplored. This research focuses on village cadres' entrepreneurship in China, exploring how the hybrid identity of village-cadre-entrepreneurs interacts and further influences their motivation to create more jobs. Furthermore, we theorize how contextual factors, such as village isolation, lineage group, and regional collective mobilization, shape the logic of the employment strategy resulting from this hybrid identity. Based on a nationwide representative sample comprising 4346 rural entrepreneurs and their enterprises, our findings indicate that village-cadre-entrepreneurs are motivated to provide more work opportunities within the system of village self-governance. With job creation, village-cadre-entrepreneurs preserve and strengthen the “patron” image of village-cadre identity and mitigate the “businessman” image of entrepreneur identity. Further to this, the positive effect of village-cadre-entrepreneurs offering more work opportunities via entrepreneurial activities is more prominent when villages i) are more isolated from the external environment, ii) have more lineage groups, or iii) are in areas with more collective mobilization. This study highlights the impact of rural governance logic in rural entrepreneurial activities and the significance of village-cadre-entrepreneurs' role in job creation and rural poverty alleviation.     

The effect on forestation of the collective forest tenure reform in China

The Chinese government has allowed collective village forest land to pass into individualized ownership. The purpose was to alleviate rural poverty and stimulate investment in forests. Using data collected from 288 villages, in eight provinces, over three years, this paper measures the effect of the individualization on one aspect of forest investment, forestation. Because villages voted on the reform, we identify the causal effect of the reform by an instrumental variable estimator based on the countywide decision to offer the reform package. We find an increase in forestation of 7.68% of forest land in the year of the reform.     

金融普惠可以提高减贫质量吗?——基于多维贫困的分析

切实提高减贫质量对我国打赢打好脱贫攻坚战和守住脱贫成果至关重要。金融普惠作为当前我国金融改革和脱贫攻坚的重要举措,是否有助于提高减贫质量仍是有待回答的问题。文章基于中国家庭金融调查2015年数据,从多维贫困和多维贫困脆弱性两方面出发研究了金融普惠对我国农村减贫质量的影响。研究发现,金融普惠可以同时降低农村家庭多维贫困和多维贫困脆弱性,并且对多维贫困问题严重的农村家庭有更大的作用;区分不同贫困和不同金融服务发现,金融普惠可以显著降低收入贫困、教育贫困及生活质量贫困,对健康贫困的影响则不显著;银行营业网点与金融服务点渗透、以及储蓄、贷款、保险及数字金融服务使用可以提高减贫质量,而其他金融机构渗透、信用卡使用及银行服务评价的作用相对有限。进一步地,文章研究了金融普惠减贫质量效应的环境条件,发现村庄市场及制度环境和家庭需求环境改善有助于充分发挥金融普惠的积极作用,相反则可能构成一定的制约。最后,文章检验了金融普惠的影响机制,发现促进农村家庭人力与物质资本积累、以及地区经济发展等在其中发挥了重要的中介作用。文章结论为我国提高减贫质量提供了可靠的政策工具,同时也可促进我国全面建成小康社会和经济实现高质量发展。     

基于生计资本路径的贫困地区生计策略研究——广西凤山县四个可持续生计项目村的调查

可持续生计方法是社会组织解决贫困问题的一种方法。文章以香港PCD投资扶持广西凤山县可持续生计发展项目为例,运用极差标准化、多元logistic回归分析等方法,以生计资本为基础单元,对农户的生计资本状况进行定量与定性分析,揭示了农户生计资本与生计策略之间的关系。结果表明:(1)项目村整体生计资本状况不充裕,由于有PCD项目农村小额信贷资金等方面的扶持,人力资本、金融资本相对富裕;(2)人力资本、金融资本更丰富的农户倾向于选择非务农的生计活动,而自然资本丰富的农户更多地愿意从事农业生产;(3)PCD项目推行以集约化、扩大化、移民、可持续发展等生计策略来推进项目村可持续扶贫的进程。     

农村集体经济组织与农民专业合作社协同扶贫模式创新:重庆例证

农村集体经济组织和农民专业合作社是与农民联系较为紧密的两类经济组织,是贫困地区打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要内生性力量。但在实践中,受农村集体经济组织市场主体地位不明确、承担市场经营风险能力弱及农民专业合作社总体规模偏小、脱贫带动力不强等因素影响,两类主体的扶贫作用都未能得到充分发挥。重庆市城口县是国家扶贫开发工作重点县,在近年来的脱贫攻坚中,一方面普遍性地成立了新型农村集体经济组织,作为承接相关政府部门扶贫资源、开展村集体资产运营管理的平台;另一方面通过平等协商将村集体经济组织承接的扶贫资源以入股方式投入当地运行规范、实力较强的农民专业合作社,以获取相对稳定的分红收益,并优先用于增加贫困户收入。该模式既为村“两委”参与市场活动和承接政府扶贫资源提供了有效载体,又较好地保证了农民专业合作社等市场主体的经营自主权,有利于构建激励兼容、多方共赢的长效扶贫机制,是有镜鉴价值的扶贫模式创新。     

商洛农村社区贫困成因及扶贫模式研究——以陕西商州国家扶贫开发重点区为例

农村建设包括农村社区和个体农户发展两个层面,二者必须统筹兼顾.以陕西商洛国家扶贫开发重点区商州为例,探寻乡村社区贫困成因及治理模式.农村社区贫困是多因素长期共同作用的产物,包括自然条件恶劣,交通落后,贫困文化影响,产业结构不合理和森林资源利用政策制约等.乡村社区扶贫应以整村推进、移民搬迁和特色产业开发为主,辅以劳务输出和教育扶贫.     

大学生村官政策对农村收入差距的影响研究——基于2015年和2017年中国家庭大数据1324个村社的实证分析

大学生村官作为推动农村发展的重要基层治理力量,在农村集体经济发展、农户增收与脱贫攻坚等方面发挥了重要作用。然而,在新形势下,大学生村官政策是否有助于农村实现共同富裕有待验证。文章基于2015年和2017年“中国家庭大数据库”(CFD)数据,使用固定效应模型实证检验了大学生村官政策对农村收入差距的影响。结果表明：大学生村官促进了农民收入增加,缩小了农村基尼系数,转移性收入、财产性收入和工资性收入的增加构成了大学生村官缩小农村收入差距的主要来源。文章采取替换核心解释变量、被解释变量、替换控制变量与更换估计模型(DID)等方法进行稳健性检验,并采用IV模型克服内生性问题后,结论仍稳健。进一步机制验证发现,大学生村官可通过提升“社会保障力度”与“社会治理水平”的中介路径来调节收入再分配,缩小农村收入差距。大学生村官政策效果存在异质性,其对资本禀赋较强地区(东中部、非贫困村与村支书学历高中以上)的收入差距缩小作用更加明显。可见,大学生村官政策能促进农村地区的共同富裕。政府应做好大学生村官政策与社会保障、社会治理水平建设政策的有机衔接,促使大学生村官更好发挥自身人力资本优势。同时,政府需因地制宜地...     

中国村落组织演进轨迹:由国家与社会视角

近100多年来,传统村落逐渐瓦解,国家力量直接介入农村生活,国家意志取代了从前传统村落的自发意识,村落组织成为国家政权的一部分。对村落组织的演进历史的梳理表明,传统村落组织存在及其瓦解、演进具有其合理性。技术进步、意识形态变化、经济社会发展等环境因素是促成近代以来村落组织蜕变的根本原因。     

湘南地区红色旅游村落景观空间布局及影响因素

通过分析湘南地区红色旅游村落景观空间布局特征,并梳理其空间分布的影响因子,为湖南省乡村红色旅游景观的可持续发展提供参考。基于85个红色村落景观研究样本,借助Google Earth与ArcGIS10.7,采用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、核密度分析等多种地理研究模型,对湘南红色旅游村落景观的空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：湘南地区红色村落景观空间分布密度呈现明显的不均衡性,湘南地区的东南部主要呈凝聚型,且郴州东南和郴永交界区分布最为密集;影响湘南地区红色旅游村落景观分布的主要因素是历史背景因素,以名人故居、抗战纪念为依托的红色旅游村落和土地革命时期形成的红色旅游村落在景观以及空间分布上具有明显差异;农村交通公里数、人均GDP和旅游业发展与红色旅游村落分布密度之间存在显著的正向相关关系;湘南地区基于红色人文景观的乡村旅游发展逐渐转变为红色文化、经济与生态环境相协调的可持续发展。针对湘南地区间发展不平衡问题,应进一步完善交通基础设施,加强地区间合作,大力培养又红又专的复合型旅游人才,并构建重点特色鲜明、布局完整的红色旅游村落体系,从而推动跨区域“红色+精品传统村落”乡村旅游的协同发展...     

Alleviating multi-dimensional poverty through land transfer: Evidence from poverty-stricken villages in China

This study constructs a Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans growth model of the agricultural sector, which includes land transfer characteristics, to investigate the theoretical basis of the land transfer impact on multi-dimensional poverty, under a steady equilibrium. Using 2010, 2012, and 2014 panel data from the Mutual Aid Fund for Poverty-Stricken Villages in China, we obtained results indicating the impact of land transfer on multi-dimensional poverty, based on the generalized propensity score method. The research results are as follows: (1) The intensity of rural households' land transfer in poverty-stricken villages remains low, at only 14.54%; however, it demonstrates an increasing trend. (2) When the intensity of land transfer is continuously enhanced, the multi-dimensional poverty of rural households in poverty-stricken villages decreases. (3) Rural households' land transfer in poverty-stricken villages can reduce multi-dimensional poverty by improving their savings behavior. “Precautionary savings motivation” is an important land transfer mechanism affecting rural households' multi-dimensional poverty in poverty-stricken villages.     

正确认识农村资金互助组织的作用——对太湖县建立“贫困村村级发展互助资金”

文章通过对安徽省太湖县贫困村村民发展互助资金的案例剖析，既分析了农村资金互助组织的积极作用及其成因，也分析了存在的问题，在此基础上提出了农村资金互助组织完善和创新的可行路径。     

苏北地区新农村建设模式探析——以邳州市为例

文章基于新农村建设实践的思考,选择江苏省邳州市作为实证研究区域,通过文献资料查阅、农村居民点用地现状调查和农户集中居住意愿问卷调查,探析苏北地区新农村建设的适宜模式。研究结果表明：①邳州市农村居民点布局分散,自然村的密度约89个／100km^2;人均用地面积较大,达181．5m^2／人;②所调查农户中有87％希望通过集中居住改善农村居住环境,但对未来基础设施配套和搬迁补偿等问题存有疑虑;⑨根据资金筹集、实施难易、建设周期等适用条件,邳州市宜于开展公寓化、村庄归并和村庄内部优化等三种新农村建设模式。     

关于乡村司法服务体系的落实调查分析报告——以合阳县为例

随着党的十九大落下帷幕,党中央提出"决胜全面建成小康社会"目标要求。同时,随着精准扶贫政策与脱贫攻坚战的实施,国家级贫困县特别是其中的贫困村的经济建设已经得到了极大的提高,但在经济快速发展的同时不可避免地增加了村民之间的矛盾与纠纷,其中很多问题不能得到公平的解决。因为农村地区的大部分农民的法律素养比较欠缺,同时难以得到司法局与律师事务所的帮助,所以需要加快完善与推广乡村司法服务体系,以维护村民的合法权益。本文以中期调研时提出的"法律援助小组"制度为基础,以合阳县为例,着重对合阳县的农村法律援助体系的实际情况与调查数据进行整理分析后,提出对"法律援助小组"制度进行实质的完善与改进,提出由实习期间的西农法学系学生作为合阳县各村的农村法律援助小组的成员进行帮扶、调解、引导、宣传,由县司法局、法律援助中心进行管理、监督,由律师事务所进行法律援助支撑。     

村庄直选背景下的标尺竞争与农村公共品供给

本文探讨了中国农村的民主直选制度对农村公共品供给的影响及其作用机制。基于南京市第二次农业普查的全部村级数据,我们使用三种不同的指标度量农村公共品投资,在控制了地区虚拟变量、村庄规模、收入水平、村长特征等因素之后,研究发现竞选压力所形成的标尺竞争是影响公共品供给的主要机制,在缺乏对村长是否尽职的充分信息时,临近地区成为衡量本地村长绩效的标尺,因此相邻地区的公共品供给对本地的公共品供给有显著的正向作用。并且,我们还发现当控制了标尺竞争之后,村长的特征变得不再显著,这说明村长能力本身并不影响公共品供给,而是村庄直选使得选举出来的村长更加向村民负责。     

关于开展航海职业教育扶贫工作的探讨

建设新农村的核心环节是提高农民收入。对贫困地区进行扶贫是党和政府解决贫困地区农民问题的重要手段之一,其中心工作是提高农民收入。通过开展航海职业教育扶贫工作可以有效地帮助转移农村富余劳动力,提高农民综合素质,增加农民收入,增强农民自身的造血功能,彻底改变贫穷的面貌;同时也有利于促进航运业和航海职业教育的发展。开展航海职业教育扶贫工作是一个多方合作共赢的过程。     

乡村振兴背景下特色保护类村庄产业规划设计研究——以荆门市东宝区易畈村为例

乡村振兴战略背景下,实现村庄产业振兴的前提是进行村庄产业发展规划。本文重点探究特色保护类村庄的产业振兴之路,以荆门市东宝区易畈村为例,通过实地调研、文献研究和态势分析相结合的方法,分析村庄资源禀赋和产业发展特征和问题,科学合理地进行产业空间布局建设,提出村庄产业发展规划方向和策略,形成以特色产业和乡村旅游业为主导的示范强村,以期为特色保护类乡村的产业振兴提供借鉴经验。     

The level of poverty in South Africa: Consideration of an experiential measure

Poverty is usually measured on a basis that is either subjective (respondent's perceptions) or objective (relating to some externally set standard). This article draws on an ‘experiential’ measure of poverty in which respondents with children report on whether or not they have had sufficient money to feed their children. Data from South Africa's 1994 October Household Survey showed that this and other measures revealed similar levels of poverty. However, the picture drawn of the social distribution of poverty suggests a higher incidence amongst those in squatter settlements and a lower incidence in rural areas.     

Villages where China's ethnic minorities live

This paper investigates how ethnic minorities in rural China are faring compared with the ethnic majority. The village is the unit of analysis and large surveys for 2002 are used. Minority villages in northeast China are found to have a somewhat better economic situation than the average majority village, but minority villages in the southwest are clearly faring worse. Industrialisation, inputs in agricultural production, stock of human capital of the labour force, wage level on the local labour market as well as indicators of path dependency are all found to affect the economic situation of a village. Location is the single most important circumstance working against a favourable economic situation for minority villages in the northwest and particularly the southwest. Low village income results in long-distance migration for many ethnic minorities, but for some minorities their ethnicity hinders migration.     

Decomposing Income Inequality and Policy Implications in Rural China

Using village data from samples covering 6 provinces,36 counties and 216 townships,the income inequalities within and between townships in rural China are assessed. The Theil index and the mean logarithmic deviation methods enable us to test income inequality at the township level,and to decompose it into intra-regional and inter-regional at county and provincial levels. In the present paper,we also decompose income inequalities between and within the nationally designated poor counties (NDPC). The results show that approximately two-thirds of the income inequality in rural China would be eliminated if measures and policies were targeted at the county level. This study also confirms the rationale that China's poverty alleviation strategy of focusing on poor counties based on the inequalities between NDPC and non-NDPC accounts for the most inter-province inequality.     

Household spending patterns and flow of ecotourism income into communities around Liwonde National Park,Malawi

Rural Malawi is largely characterised by high levels of poverty, unemployment and high population densities. It is also seen as the ‘warm heart of Africa’, which, together with its abundant natural resources, makes it an excellent destination for international ecotourists. This paper looks at the impact of ecotourism employment on poverty reduction and the flow of ecotourism income into the villages adjacent to Liwonde National Park. Extensive questionnaire surveys were conducted with staff employed in ecotourism as well as with rural households in the villages adjacent to the Park. Comparisons of household income and social welfare highlight the important role of ecotourism employment in lifting people in these rural villages above the poverty line. Household spending patterns illustrate the flow of income from ecotourism into the local economy and the important impact of this on local socio-economic development. Suggestions for increasing local multiplier effects of ecotourism are put forward.