Determinants of Bilateral Trade Flows in OECD Countries: Evidence from Gravity Panel Data Models

This paper aims to identify the main causes of bilateral trade flows in OECD countries. The specific features of the study include the explicit introduction of R&D and FDI as the two important explanatory variables, conduct of unit root tests in the panel data framework and careful consideration of endogeneity. The main findings are that the levels and similarities of market size, domestic R&D stock and inward FDI stock are positively related to bilateral trade, while the distance, measured by both geographical distance and relative factor endowment, between trade partner countries has a negative impact. These findings lend support to new trade, FDI and new growth theories.     

环境法规对国际贸易的影响:国外研究综述

环境法规对国际贸易的影响综述主要包括以下四个问题:环境法规是否会削弱一国产业的竞争力,环境法规是否会引起污染产业转移到发展中国家,各国不同的环境法规严厉程度是否会引起"生态倾销"以及环境法规与国际贸易之间的协调。文章通过对现有文献的梳理发现:环境法规虽然会对国际贸易的各方面产生负面影响,但是没有得到实证研究的支持。     

The Impact of Services Trade Restrictiveness on Trade Flows

This paper uses recent OECD data on services trade restrictions (STRI) to analyse the relationship between services trade policies and cross‐border trade in services. A standard gravity model is enhanced by the STRI indices in a cross‐section regression analysis. Services trade restrictions are negatively associated with both imports and exports of services. The surprisingly strong effect on services exports is probably explained by a negative relationship between the STRIs and sector performance indicators. Consequently, services suppliers from less open countries are less competitive abroad. Bilateral differences in regulation are also found to curtail services trade over and above the impact of the trade liberalisation level. At the margin, regulatory differences have a larger effect on trade flows the lower the level of the STRI.     

贸易、环保与WTO环境规则分析

本文在环境保护与自由贸易的理论基础上,简单介绍了世界贸易组织的有关环境规则,并对环境壁垒及绿色营销观念作了进一步的分析,就此分析了我国现阶段国际贸易所面临的挑战及应采取的对策。     

东亚双边进口贸易流量与潜力:基于贸易引力模型的实证研究

本文利用东亚10个主要经济体1995-2004年的面板数据,建立东亚贸易引力模型,对东亚进口贸易流量的影响因素和潜力进行研究。研究显示,国家经济规模、中国-东盟自由贸易区、东盟自由贸易区、进口国制度、国际直接投资、国家间的经济水平差距和地理距离是东亚双边进口贸易流量的主要影响因素。中国香港、泰国、日本和印度尼西亚对东亚的进口潜力较大,中国、马来西亚、菲律宾和新加坡对东亚的进口潜力较小。加强东亚区域内最终产品市场和区域贸易合作的发展、推进东亚各经济体的制度改革和调整、积极合理地引进国际直接投资、加强物流建设与合作,应成为东亚各经济体未来重要的政策取向。     

Economic integration across Latin America: Evidence from labour markets, 1990–2013

Combining macroeconomic and microeconomic data and three indicators of international market integration, this paper assesses the degree to which Latin American labour markets are integrated. The results suggest that relative to East Asia, Latin American labour markets are somewhat more integrated, but considerable differences across countries persist. In addition, the evidence indicates that the degree of labour market integration across Latin American borders is significantly less than that of labour markets within the United States in two of the three indicators. These differences may suggest opportunities for efficiency gains from further labour market integration.     

Mind the Gender Wage Gap – the Impact of Trade and Competition on Sectoral Wage Differences

This paper examines differences between women’s and men’s wages in 18 selected OECD countries in the period 1970 to 2005. The study is based on 12 manufacturing sector‐ and skill‐specific sets of panel data on the gender wage gap. We apply a system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator to the extended version of the conditional gender wage gap convergence equation, controlling for sector concentration and industry‐specific measures of openness using a difference‐in‐difference approach: trade‐affected concentrated sectors versus trade‐affected competitive sectors. The results indicate that: (i) an increase in sector concentration is associated with wage gap growth; (ii) both import and export penetration are associated with a reduction of the high‐skill gender wage gap growth in concentrated industries; (iii) there is evidence of a widening impact of trade on the medium and low‐skill occupational gender wage gap growth in less competitive industries; (iv) institutional regulations of the labour market have an impact on the development of the gender wage gap: for highly‐skilled labour an increase in labour market regulation raises the growth of the gender wage gap, while for medium‐ and low‐skilled workers, it lowers it.     

双边抑或多边：论FTA对WTO多边贸易体制的影响

由于多哈发展议程陷入困境,使WTO的多边贸易体制正遭受前所未有的挑战。与WTO多边谈判举步维艰不同的是,自由贸易协定和区域性贸易安排正如火如荼进行。FTA在推动WTO多边贸易体制发展的同时也对其构成了威胁。但是由于FTA本身的局限性,以及当前国际金融危机之下的贸易保护主义盛行,WTO多边贸易体制需要不断的完善,以促进世界经济的恢复与发展。     

Trade Unions and the National Training Reform Agenda in Australia, 1983—1996

From its election in 1983 to its defeat in 1996, the Labor Government in Australia initiated major reforms to the vocational education and training (VET) system. Here the author examines these reforms from the perspective of ‘skilled-oriented unionism’—a strategy explicitly followed by unions in Australia. While much progress was achieved, particularly at national and industry levels, enterprise-based reform lagged behind, reflecting the relative strengths and weaknesses of union organisation. In addition, union conflict and uncertainty over the appropriate labour market orientation for VET adversely affected the reform agenda.     

中欧贸易对双方经济和就业的影响分析

本文考虑到中欧贸易的特点,分别利用中国反映加工贸易的非竞争型投入产出模型和欧盟一般非竞争型投入产出模型,分析了2002年和2007年中欧贸易对中国和欧盟增加值和就业的影响;利用结构分解技术(SDA)分析了其随时间的变化的原因。分析发现中欧贸易对中国增加值和就业的总体拉动作用要远大于对欧盟增加值和就业的拉动,其对增加值的拉动效率却小于欧盟,另外双边贸易对中国增加值的拉动效率随时间而提高,但对中国就业和欧盟增加值和就业的拉动效率则在不断降低。文章同时对中欧贸易顺差进行了重新审视,发现利用出口增加值方法,中欧贸易顺差减少了9%-10%。     

中国与OECD国家服务贸易成本动态演变的研究

文章借助Novy(2006)改进的引力模型测度2000～2008年中国与OECD国家的双边服务贸易成本。从测算的结果来看,中国与OECD国家的双边服务贸易成本在总体上经历了平缓下降的过程。绝大部分OECD国家与中国的双边服务贸易成本呈现了不同程度的下降趋势,与此同时部分国家的服务贸易成本却基本保持不变甚至略有上升。文章利用随机效应模型,从实证研究的角度对服务贸易成本进行分解,进而探讨了影响双边服务贸易成本的各种影响因素,最后揭示了研究的政策性涵义。     

Trade Policy and Environmental Regulation in the Asia–Pacific: A Simulation

The Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has the potential to become the world's largest free trade area, encompassing both developed and developing countries. At the same time environmental standards vary substantially in the region. A multilateral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model combined with environmental sub–models simulates the environmental effects of trade and environmental policy changes. The simulations show: (i) Even drastic reductions in trade barriers have only a small effect on pollution; (ii) Low environmental standards relative to trade partners do not necessarily result in increased pollution when trade is liberalised; (iii) Unilaterally raising environmental standards does not crowd out pollution to countries with laxer standards.     

双边服务贸易成本测度及服务贸易增长分解——来自中国与21个OECD国家的面板数据分析

借鉴贸易成本的测算方法,运用最新数据库对中国与OECD国家2000～2016年双边服务贸易成本进行测度,结果显示:中国服务贸易成本基本呈下降趋势,尤其是2007年之前下降趋势较明显,得益于《中国服务贸易具体承诺减让表》中市场准入承诺多以6年为限;2007年之后由于减让承诺边际效应的递减和金融危机导致了服务贸易成本小幅上升。对各贸易伙伴国的分组研究发现:距离越远、收入越低的国家与中国的服务贸易成本越高,替代弹性的差异对双边服务贸易成本的变化趋势没有影响。根据模型进行分解的结果表明,产出因素和贸易成本因素是中国与OECD国家双边服务贸易的主要推助力。为降低服务贸易成本,中国应加大对新兴服务业的投资力度,构建跨境服务产业链。