Protecting Intellectual Property Rights: The Special Case of China

China is the largest source of counterfeit goods. Both U.S. and European Union customs statistics put the People's Republic of China at the top of the list of pirated product seizures. Along with the remarkable growth in the Chinese economy and exports has come the growth of counterfeit product production and distribution throughout the world. To present a full picture of the many intellectual property rights (IPR) protection problems in China this article reviews Chinese history and traditional attitudes toward individual ownership of IP under Confucianism and communism. Finally, the article presents a view of the current enforcement of IPR rights in China describing the major difficulties encountered by rights owners.     

Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture and the Interests of Asian‐Pacific Economies

This paper describes recent and ongoing processes of technological change in agriculture, which has become a highly R&D‐intensive sector in many countries of the Asia‐Pacific region. It also considers the role of various forms of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in promoting such technological changes and in affecting their diffusion through the region. A central part of the discussion is a review of how these various IPRs operate and are protected in major economies of the region. There is an assessment of the economic interests of key countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, in global and regional policy evolution in agricultural IPRs. These interests are a mix of comparative advantage in farming, which is quite distinctive among these countries, and the technological basis of production, which is more convergent. A review of available measures of innovation in the region suggests that all of these economies are active in developing new agricultural technologies, although there is considerable specialisation in the types of processes developed. Given this mix of divergence in comparative costs and convergence in technology interests, it is difficult to describe sharply the preferences these economies may have in continued globalisation of agricultural IPRs. However, the analysis points to some areas in which countries may continue to specialise – thereby retaining the ability to remain in specific areas of farming – and other fields in which international collaboration may be sensible.     

试析美国知识产权保护政策的调整

新的经济技术条件给美国原有的知识产权保护体系带来了很大冲击,新技术产品作为知识产权保护的新客体也带来了新的困扰,而垄断的新特性也对知识产权的规制体系提出了新的挑战。面对这些挑战,美国重新认识了国内外的经济环境,认为加强知识产权保护是美国核心利益之所在,从而采取一系列措施加强知识产权的专有性、淡化知识产权的地域性、推动国际知识产权法律一体化,弱化对知识产权的反垄断规制以谋求美国利益的最大化。     

滥用知识产权在中国《反垄断法》中的含义——对欧盟在TRIPS理事会提出的质疑的回答

我国《反垄断法》规定滥用知识产权并且排除、限制竞争的行为,才能适用该法,即滥用知识产权是违反《反垄断法》的一个前提要件。这意味着依《反垄断法》来规制滥用知识产权行为之前必须认定存在滥用知识产权的行为。但是,各国《反垄断法》或者竞争法适用于滥用知识产权行为的前提要件仅仅是知识产权的"行使"构成了对市场竞争的排除或限制,而并不需要认定事先存在某个滥用知识产权的行为。所谓的滥用知识产权行为就是行使知识产权而排除、限制竞争的行为。正因为行使知识产权的行为排除、限制了竞争才构成知识产权的滥用并违反了《反垄断法》。滥用知识产权是违反《反垄断法》的结果,而不是违反《反垄断法》的前提。     

知识产权保护与知识经济的发展

一、知识产权保护对知识经济发展的促进作用 上世纪90年代后期,正当人们站在知识的海洋边满怀希求地展望新世纪的前景时,迎面扑来了一股澎湃的知识经济浪潮,令世人惊喜万分,一时间,从学术界、企业界到政府,从各类媒体到广大民众,兴起了一股知识经济热.然而,首先得到这份世纪大礼的是当今世界的头号强国美国.     

The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in Services

I review the various interrelationships between innovation in service industries and the need for intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. A number of service sectors engage in significant innovation, particularly in information technologies, the internet, digital entertainment, and financial services, suggesting that IPR are of increasing importance in those areas. Other service sectors have not made much use of IPR to date but emerging patterns of innovation indicates that doing so will become a more central element of commercial strategy. A review of available survey evidence supports these views. I discuss how fundamental principles of IPR may be applied to various services and note certain gaps in policy regimes that should be filled in order to meet the needs of these sectors.     

知识产权保护、创新模式选择与我国贸易扩展边际

本文在多产品企业模型基础上,构建了一个分析知识产权保护、创新模式选择与贸易扩展边际的理论框架,揭示出知识产权保护通过影响企业创新模式选择进而影响贸易扩展边际变化的内在机理。研究发现,随着知识产权保护力度的加强,企业将会转向自主创新模式,降低企业进口扩展边际,提升出口扩展边际。运用2000-2006年中国工业企业数据库与海关数据库的微观层面匹配数据,本文计量研究结果亦支持这一理论预期,而进一步深入研究发现,知识产权保护通过进口扩展边际渠道产生的创新倒逼效应以及出口扩展边际渠道产生的出口学习效应均可正向反馈于企业生产率,但两种效应存在异质性。     

自由贸易的新障碍:知识产权壁垒

近年来，随着知识产权保护水平的不断提高，出现了一种新形式的非关税壁垒一知识产权壁垒。它在知识产权保护的名义下，比传统的非关税壁垒更具隐蔽性、歧视性和报复性，对国际贸易的影响日益加深，因此应引起有关国家的高度关注。像中国这样的发展中国家应深入了解研究WTO规则，加强自主知识产权的开发，完善国内立法，以更好地应对国际知识产权壁垒。     

反垄断法与知识产权保护

<正>很高兴应邀参加这次"聚焦WTO:知识产权保护与企业自主创新"高层国际研讨会,并就反垄断法与知识产权保护这一具有挑战性的主题与各位共同交流、探讨。众所周知,创新是技术进步的源泉,是经济社会发展的重要驱动力。特别是在当今知识经济时代,世界各国无不更加注重保护和促进创新,并努力在制度层面探索保护和促进创新的有效途径。作为两种不同的制度安排,知识产权制度和反垄断法的区别不言而喻,但在保护和促     

中国知识产权海关保护、企业生产率与出口动态研究

随着高新技术产品对外贸易的快速增长,企业积极申报知识产权海关保护已成为提高产品附加值、反击侵权行为的有利武器。本文研究了中国知识产权海关保护对本国企业出口状态、出口退出和出口强度的影响,并检验了出口"生产率悖论"问题。研究结论表明企业申请知识产权海关保护有效地维持了企业持续出口状态,降低了企业出口退出风险,提升了企业出口强度。然而,企业生产率的提高却降低了企业出口强度,出现了出口"生产率悖论"问题。对此,即使企业在提高生产率的同时申报知识产权保护也不能得以解决。这反映出申报知识产权海关保护的企业数量过少,企业对申请知识产权海关保护重要性的认识不足,知识产权海关保护在促进出口上的作用还没有充分发挥。对此应加大政策宣传力度,提高企业申请知识产权海关保护的意识和主动性。     

国际贸易中的知识产权壁垒及其战略应对

随着知识产权被许多发达国家及其跨国公司用作保护本国市场的屏障和侵占他国市场的贸易大棒,知识产权壁垒已经成为我国企业贸易发展的主要障碍之一.发达国家知识产权壁垒有着深刻的战略背景,需要我们从战略上加以应对.因此,必须抓紧构建和实施我国的知识产权战略体系.     

Intellectual Property Rights and Chinese Tradition Section: Philosophical Foundations

Western attempts to obtain Chinese compliance with intellectual property rights have a long history of failure. Most discussions of the problem focus on either legal comparisons or explanations arising from levels of economic development (based primarily on the example of U.S. disregard for such rights during the 18th and 19th centuries). After decades of heated negotiation, intellectual property rights is still one of the major issues of misunderstanding between the West and the various Chinese political entities. This paper examines the sources of this problem from the standpoint of traditional Chinese social and political philosophy (specifically Neo-Confucianism). It points out that the basic assumptions about the nature of intellectual property, which arose during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, are fundamentally at odds with the traditional Chinese view of the role of intellectuals in society. It suggests that policies which do not take these differences into account, but which attempt to transfer Western legal concepts without the underlying social constructs are responsible for much of the lack of success in the area of intellectual property rights.Dr. Lehman is professor of Business Administration at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he also holdsan appointment in the Department of Philosophy in East Asian philosophy, and serves as Director of International Programs     

Joint Effort to Resolve Disputes in Intellectual Property Rights

Recently,at an intellectual property dispute mediation seminar held by the CCPIT Mediation Center,a second batch of 10 experts appointed by the intellectual property professional committee was announced.These 10 experts are senior scholars,former judges and intellectual property experts with significant influence in the field of intellectual property in China and abroad.They have a lot of varied working experience and deep theoretical knowledge in the settlement of intellectual property disputes.Lu Pengqi,Deputy Chairman of the CCPIT and chairman of the CPPIT Mediation Center,said at the seminar that as a trade and investment promotion agency,the CCPIT has been attaching great importance to resolving intellectual property disputes through arbitration and mediation when connecting with government and enterprises.     

知识产权保护与自由贸易的冲突与协调

知识产权保护与自由贸易的冲突由来已久,TRIPS协议实施后,更引发了国家之间尤其是发达国家和发展中国家之间在贸易及其他利益方面的多种冲突,因此发达国家和发展中国家应加强在知识产权保护方面的协调,我国也应采取相应对策以减少知识产权冲突,充分发挥知识产权保护机制的积极作用。     

论知识经济与知识产权保护

人类社会即将进入知识经济时代,而知识经济的发展离不开知识产权保护。本文分析了知识经济的特征、知识经济与知识产权保护的关系以及从加强立法、执法工作和提高全民知识产权意识等方面探讨了如何加强我国的知识产权保护。