区域房价差异、劳动力流动与产业升级

中国正在发生的大规模区域产业转移的动因是什么,区域房价差异对产业转移和产业升级产生哪些影响,是本文关注的焦点。作者引入房价因素,对新经济地理学模型进行拓展,发现区域房价差异导致劳动力流动,从而诱发产业转移。在此基础上,利用动态面板数据模型对2000-2009年中国35个大中城市进行实证检验,结果发现城市间的相对房价升高,导致相对就业人数减少,并促使产业价值链向高端攀升,实现了产业升级。对不同区域的深度分析表明,区域房价差异确实是影响东、中、西部地区产业转移和产业升级的一个重要因素。因此,制定合理的区域产业发展规划,加大对东部地区中高端产业发展的扶持力度,建立健全与产业转移相适应的住房政策和住房保障体系,是顺应产业转移趋势、避免部分区域产业空心化的必要措施。     

城市住宅用地空间扩张机制与调控对策

城市住宅用地空间扩张的必然性与土地资源的稀缺性这一对矛盾,在城市化进程迅速推进的今天显得尤为尖锐,如何实现城市居民居住质量的提高与城市土地资源的可持续利用成为迫切需要解决的问题。文章总结了我国当前城市住宅用地扩张的特点,从经济、制度、技术以及人为干预四个方面对我国当前城市住宅用地空间扩张机制进行了解析,并对城市住宅用地空间扩张过程所出现的问题提出了相关调控措施。     

Subsidy competition,industrial land price distortions and overinvestment: empirical evidence from China’s manufacturing enterprises

In China, offering inexpensive industrial land is a major means for local governments to participate in interregional subsidy competition, which caused regional industrial land price distortions. This article examines the effect of regional industrial land price distortions on the overinvestment of Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Chinese industrial enterprises data and land price monitoring data of 49 major cities in China between 1998 and 2007 are employed. This article has found that industrial land price distortions will significantly stimulate the overinvestment of manufacturing enterprises. Such a promoting effect varies among manufacturing enterprises of different ownership and industry attributes. Industrial land price distortions have the most significant promoting effect on the overinvestment of foreign-invested firms, followed by private firms, while state-owned enterprises are the least affected. Compared with private heavy-industry firms, industrial land price distortions have a more significant effect on the overinvestment of private light-industry firms. Compared with foreign-invested heavy-industry firms, industrial land price distortions have a more significant effect on the overinvestment of foreign-invested light-industry firms. This study represents a positive exploration and supplement to the existing studies on the effects of subsidy competition on corporate investment behaviours and the studies on Chinese-style subsidy competition.     

房价、土地财政与城镇化协调发展关系*——基于空间经济学视角

本文基于中国2004—2013年289个地级市面板数据,从空间经济学视角探究房价、土地财政与城镇化三者关系,通过理论与实证检验发现：第一,中国房价有利于促进土地城镇化发展,却抑制人口城镇化发展,而土地财政是地方政府实行“摊大饼式”城镇化发展的根源;第二,2004—2013年289个地级市人口与土地城镇化发展大部分处于不协调状态,即人口城镇化远滞后于土地城镇化;第三,2004—2013年各地级市房价、土地财政、人口城镇化、土地城镇化及人口与土地城镇化协调指数之间存在正的空间相关性;第四,基于地理距离、地理相邻与经济距离权重,利用静态SDM模型实证检验发现,商品房价格与土地财政收入水平越高,越不利于人口与土地城镇化协调发展。     

租售比与中国城市住房泡沫*

本文在住房消费性和投资性需求基础上,通过泡沫和无泡沫租售比测度住房泡沫。本文对中国1996-2013年35个大中城市数据分析发现：第一,北京、上海等16个城市存在住房泡沫;第二,房价预期易催生东部和一线城市而非中西部和二三线城市住房泡沫;第三,利率政策对抑制中西部和二三线城市住房泡沫比东部和一线城市更有效;第四,住房存量过大引发住房泡沫;第五,房贷和开发成本助长住房泡沫;第六,土地财政助长住房泡沫,但股票市场回报率抑制住房泡沫。     

Commercial-to-residential land-use conversion and residential recentralization in large cities

I examine the long-term impact of a real estate bubble on the land-use patterns of Tokyo and Osaka from 1980 to 2003 and find that fluctuations in land prices reflected changing demand for commercial land relative to that for residential land, which, in turn, affected housing supply and residential location choices. During the real estate bubble, land developers favored commercial over residential development because the perceived productive value of commercial land increased sharply. Thus, daytime population in central cities increased and residential population fell. During the economic downturn, however, the demand for commercial space fell, houses were favored by land developers and residents were recentralized. My causal estimates show that the commercial-to-residential land-use conversion can explain approximately 9% to 16% of the housing starts after the bubble burst in Tokyo and Osaka, and their populations would have been reduced by 2% to 3% otherwise. The effect is more prominent in their central business districts. My findings provide a novel explanation for the recent changes in central neighbourhoods.     

多中心城市的内生形成与政府政策的影响

用主流经济学的工具研究空间经济问题有两个难点,即对规模经济和不同地区不同生产、消费和价格体系难以模型化.本文的贡献之一是通过界定合成实物资本和产量的真实货币价值两个概念,赋予了柯-道生产函数新的内涵,使其可以直接比较厂商和工人在不同地区的收益,而不必考虑价格因素.在此基础上,本文考察了城市空间形态的内生演变及政府政策的影响,发现对中心城市的倾斜性投资政策阻碍了大城市向多中心城市的转变.     

房价对城市全要素生产率的影响机制研究——基于Tobit模型实证分析

基于2008—2016年全国35个大中型城市的面板数据,利用Tobit模型和投入导向型的数据包络分析(DEA)方法探究城市房屋销售价格对城市全要素生产率的影响。研究发现：在整体维度城市房价与城市生产率呈现先增加后减少的倒U型曲线,且城市的房价水平超过了“房住不炒”的最高临界值,房价上升的抑制效应显著。房价对于不同人口规模城市的生产率影响具有异质性,在人口规模达到特大城市时,房价与城市生产率呈现倒U型特征,人口规模达到超大城市后,房价与城市生产率倒U型特征消失。不同类型城市房价与城市生产率之间的倒U型关系和城市的异质性特征表明,我国大中型城市应进行房价的“一城一策”精细化调节,“房住不炒”的政策定位具有坚实理论依据和现实必然。     

房地产“限购令”的调控机制与政策反思*——基于单中心双环城市模型的分析

近年来中国城市住房价格快速上涨,政府推出房地产“限购令”,以期调整房地产市场,控制城市房价。本文构建了带“限购令”政策约束条件的单中心双环城市住房市场模型,利用数值模拟的方法,从理论上分析房地产“限购令”的政策效果和作用机制。结果显示,限购政策使大中小城市房价均有所下跌,中小城市房价的下降幅度大于大城市的幅度,城市的投机性住房需求越大,限购政策的效果越明显。本文认为“限购令”作为非市场调控手段,仅可作权宜之计而非长久之策,应充分考虑城市的异质性特征,对限购政策进行辨证选择。     

Impact Fees and Real Estate Prices: Evidence from 35 Chinese Cities

Local governments often charge developers impact fees to finance local public goods. This has been practiced in Chinese cities for more than two decades; however, no empirical studies have tested the effect of impact fees on real estate prices. Using a panel data set for 35 large- and medium-sized cities from 1998 to 2008, we find that impact fees lead to a significant increase in real estate prices. For a given city, an increase in impact fees by one yuan leads to an increase of about 5 yuan in the price of newly-built housing; a 1% increase in impact fees leads to an increase of 5 percentage points in the housing price index and 7 percentage points in the land price index.     

THE STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLD SPENDING IN SOUTH AMERICAN CITIES: INDEXES OF DISSIMILARITY AND CAUSES OF INTER-CITY DIFFERENCES

Household budget data collected in 1966–1971 in eleven cities in six South American countries are used to define individual mean budget structures (means of budget shares across households). These structures are then compared by indexes of dissimilarity, calculated for the entire budget and also for major components: food, animal protein foods, nonfood, and housing and clothing. Differences among cities in real income account for much of the difference in the share of the consumer budget devoted to food, which in turn is a principal source of overall budget dissimilarity. Within the food and nonfood budgets separately, income is of somewhat less importance; prices and preferences become more significant. Budget structures tend for this reason to be similar for cities in the same country. The structure of nonfood spending also varies markedly between coastal and interior cities, largely because of differences in housing costs. The available price data account for dissimilarities which depend on the price of a single large category of spending, but they do not help explain structural differences involving many categories: prices seem more important for nonfood than for food expenditures. Regression analysis is used to weigh the importance of each variable contributing to dissimilarity.     

劳动力价值仍是公租房租金确定的基础——兼论公租房退出机制

在对公租房的经济地位进行理论分析的基础上,指出公租房租金市场化的实质仍是土地财政,并由此提出相应的政策建议。公租房介于商品房和廉租房之间,针对有一定市场支付能力但政府或无能力或无意愿填补其缺口的中等偏下收入消费者。由于商业租赁成本超过商业购买成本,公租房租金市场化的实质是通过制造无效供给,推脱住房保障责任,维护土地财政的既得利益。将劳动力价值作为公租房租金确定的基础,才能真正发挥公租房的住房保障职能。     

China's housing bubble burst?

In this paper, we developed the recursive unit root tests to identify the beginning and end of potential speculative bubbles in the Chinese housing price cycles during 2006–2013 for the 70 major cities of China. The method is best suited for a practical implementation with a time series and delivers a consistent date‐stamping strategy for the origination and termination of multiple bubbles. Simulations demonstrate that the test significantly improves discriminatory power and leads to distinct power gains when multiple bubbles occur. Overall, the results indicate that the speculative housing price bubbles in China are not bursting, and they indicate that the stationarity of the housing price level varies across the different city sizes. Between the cities, approximately one‐fourth of the bubbles have burst up to December 2013, while the first‐tier city bubble may not burst due to the urbanization process.     

高密度和低密度城市的蔓延特征对比——中美大城市对比分析

对比研究高密度城市和低密度城市的蔓延特征有助于为城市规划和管理提供参考。以人口超过100万的12个中国城市、9个美国城市为样本城市,采用圈层分析法和反S方程,对比分析1990、2000和2014年以中国为代表的高密度城市和以美国为代表的低密度城市的蔓延特征。结果表明:①同等人口规模下,中国城市的建设用地面积较小,但土地扩张速度快。中国和美国城市的土地扩张分别主要发生在郊区和城市内部。②中国城市相对更为紧凑。高密度松散的城市土地扩张趋于紧凑,低密度城市蔓延程度在降低。③高、低密度城市的总体人口密度都呈下降趋势。高密度的中国城市尽管空间形态更紧凑,人口密度下降得较快,有必要遏制中国的城市蔓延趋势。④空间紧凑的城市人口密度下降得较慢;蔓延和紧凑的空间增长使高密度城市的人口密度下降变快和变慢,而对低密度城市没有表现出显著影响。     

珠江三角洲城镇建设用地增长分析

珠江三角洲城镇建设用地增长的动力是珠三角经济超常规发展对用地的需求。城镇建设用地增长占用了很高比例的耕地,用地总量增长速度非常快,增量用地的用地构成以工业用地和住宅用地为主;用地增长存在明显的空间差异;大部分城市和建制镇人均建设用地增加,并没有根本改变大城市用地紧张的局面,而使原有用地较宽裕的中小城市和建制镇的人均建设用地摊大饼式的继续增加。针对用地增长的现状和存在的问题,本文提出了解决问题的对策和建议。     

西部城市土地可持续利用的制度创新研究--以四川眉山城市土地利用为例

随着我国西部大开发战略的实施及西部地区城市化进程的不断推进，西部地区城市建设用地每年都在大幅度增加，结果造成了土地总量有限性与经济建设对用地需求相对无限性的矛盾。目前．西部城市在建设用地规模不断扩大的同时，产出效率却十分低下，滥用土地现象非常严重。在此背景下，本文以四川眉山为例．分析西部城市土地产权制度创新的可行性，并探求西部城市土地可持续利用的制度途径。     

Impact of government intervention in the housing market: evidence from the housing purchase restriction policy in China

In 2010, a housing purchase restriction policy was announced by China’s central government and implemented gradually by several prefecture governments. In this article, we empirically investigate this policy’s effect on the housing market. Using a difference-in-difference framework, we show that the housing purchase restriction policy reduces housing prices and transaction amounts but does not influence the housing investment or construction markets. Moreover, upstream industry suffers more than downstream industry. The results are robust to a battery of robustness checks. Heterogeneity exists across cities. We find that first- and second-tier cities as well as highly urbanized cities experience great declines in housing prices after the policy’s implementation, especially cites that had high housing prices in 2010 and cities with high real estate investment as a proportion of fixed asset investment. However, the housing policy is less effective in curbing speculative demand.     

Quality of life,firm productivity,and the value of amenities across Canadian cities

We estimate quality‐of‐life and productivity differences across Canada's metropolitan areas in a hedonic general‐equilibrium framework. These are based on the estimated willingness‐to‐pay of heterogeneous households and firms to locate in various cities, which differ in their wage levels, housing costs, and land values. Using 2006 Canadian Census data, our metropolitan quality‐of‐life estimates are somewhat consistent with popular rankings, yet find Canadians care more about climate and culture. Quality of life is highest in Victoria for anglophones, Montreal for francophones, and Vancouver for allophones, and lowest in more remote cities. Toronto is Canada's most productive city; Vancouver is the overall most valuable city.     

China’s house price: Affected by economic fundamentals or real estate policy?

Many theory and empirical literature conclude that house price can reflect economic fundamentals in the long-term. However, by using China’s panel data of 35 main cities stretching from 1998 to 2007, we find that there is no stable relationship between house price and economic fundamentals. House price has deviated upward from the economic fundamentals since government started macro-control of the real estate market. We consider that the mechanism between the house price and economic fundamentals is distorted by China’s real estate policy, especially its land policy. Meanwhile the policy itself is an important factor in explaining the changes of China’s house price. Then we estimate the dynamic panel data model on house price and the variables which are controlled by real estate policy. The result shows: land supply has negative effects on house price; financial mortgages for real estate have positive effects on house price; and the area of housing sold and the area of vacant housing, which reflects the supply and demand of the housing market, has negative effects on house price. We also find some differences in house price influence factor between eastern and mid-western cities. Finally, we propose policy suggestions according to the empirical results.     

农村宅基地流转中存在的问题与完善对策——以攸县农村宅基地流转的实地调查为例

通过结合攸县农村宅基地流转的相关调查与实际概况分析,宅基地流转方式分为出租、出售、征地置换三种。由于农村宅基地流转具有特殊性,使农村宅基地流转中存在许多问题,如流转缺乏合理的资源配置,缺乏合乎需求的法律支撑,缺乏明确的法律途径纠纷解决机制,流转缺乏灵活的宅基地利用方式以及切实可行的管理体制等。因此,必须以＂地尽其用＂作为基本出发点和总体思路,完善我国农村宅基地的流转法律制度。