An empirical examination of IPO underpricing in the Chinese A-share market

Research in the literature shows that initial public offerings (IPOs) of common stocks are systematically priced at a discount to their subsequent initial trading price. The large underpricing magnitude in the Chinese IPO market has attracted much attention. We consider three hypotheses that may explain the IPO underpricing in China. These are the winner's curse hypothesis, the ex ante uncertainty hypothesis and the signaling hypothesis. Among these hypotheses, the winner's curse hypothesis has not been tested in the Chinese market. Using IPO data for online fixed-price offerings from November 1995 to December 1998, our results show that the winner's curse hypothesis is the main reason for the high IPO underpricing in China. The signaling hypothesis is not empirically supported in the Chinese market during the sample period.     

How regulatory changes affect IPO underpricing in China

This paper examines the underpricing of IPOs in the Chinese A-share market during the period 1992–2006. Since its inception, the Chinese IPO market has transformed from a tightly-controlled system to a more market-oriented system. Reforms include the abolishment of listing quotas and fixed issue price determination; allowing for more market participation in IPO pricing. The regulatory changes of Chinese IPO market, though improving over time, actually are not monotonic. The regulatory framework started from over-restrictive to over-unrestrictive, then fine-tuned with additional restrictions. This study documents the regulatory reforms during the sample period and investigates how these regulatory changes affect IPO underpricing in China. During this period, we find that Chinese IPOs exhibit a huge underpricing. The size of the underpricing, however, decreases over the sample period. This study further finds that the IPO pricing method before the regulatory changes, which was based on a fixed P/E ratio pre-determined by the regulators, contributed significantly to the IPO underpricing in China. After adopting a series of regulatory reforms allowing underwriters discretion in the determination of issue price, this regulatory underpricing component vanishes. This study has policy implications in demonstrating the impacts of regulatory frameworks on IPO underpricing.     

基于所有权分散理论的IPO抑价现象实证分析

IPO抑价一直都是金融界研究的焦点问题。但至今IPO抑价现象的成因仍未形成统一的认识。本文选取了2009年1月1日到2010年3月19日期间在深圳成功的IPO的35家公司中的119只股票进行了分析。结果发现:所有权越分散,抑价率就越低,二者呈负相关。     

投资者关注与IPO抑价研究

文章使用百度指数这一投资者行为的衡量变量作为投资者关注的代理变量,以2012年154家首发上市的公司为研究对象,控制了承销商声誉、公司行业、规模等其他因素后进行检验,发现百度指数的关注度变量与IPO抑价显著正相关且这种关系受市场条件好坏的影响。文章还发现IPO抑价受发行总市值、公司市盈率、每股净资产显著负向影响,与承销商声誉有一定相关性,和公司绩效关系的显著性不高。     

25 Years of Dutch Ipos: An Examination of Frequently Cited Ipo Anomalies Within Main Sectors and During Hot- and Cold-Issue Periods

Summary This study examines the existence of the initial underpricing and the long-term underperformance anomalies in the Dutch IPO market between 1977 and 2001. We found an average initial underpricing level of 17.6%, measured relative to a sector-specific benchmark. The median initial return was 5.0%, while there were negative initial returns in only 17% of the IPOs. During their first 3 years of listing, IPOs on average underperformed their benchmark by a cumulative 10.0%, but this result is statistically insignificant. The period 1997—beginning of 2000 was a true hot-issue period for growth stocks: their level of initial underpricing was 35.8%, compared to 9.2% during cold-issue periods. These growth IPOs also significantly underperformed their benchmark by 38.4% after 3 years.The authors are grateful to Nico van der Sar for his constructive comments and to two anonymous referees for their useful suggestions.     

Does Disclosure Regulation Work? Evidence from International IPO Markets*

This study examines whether IPO disclosure requirements mandated by countries’ securities laws are associated with variation in IPO underpricing in international IPO markets. Our empirical analysis uses a unique sample of 6,025 IPOs from 34 countries over the period from 1995 to 2002. We show for the first time that the stringency of disclosure requirements for IPO prospectuses is negatively associated with the extent of IPO underpricing, after controlling for various country‐ and firm‐level determinants of underpricing. Moreover, we find that the disclosure effect on IPO underpricing is moderated by the extent of a country’s capital market integration. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the view that increased disclosure regulation appears to reduce IPO underpricing and hence the cost of equity, and that institutional factors such as capital market integration play an important role in understanding the economic consequences of disclosure regulation in international IPO markets.     

IPO破发成因的实证分析

本文使用2010年A股市场IPO数据,采用逐步线性回归法调查IPO公司的内在价值和投资行为因素对于IPO破发的影响。研究发现,除盈利能力指数以及发行中签率对于IPO破发有显著的影响,其他因素的影响均不显著。具体而言:①IPO公司上市前盈利能力指数对IPO抑价率的影响是负向的,表明业绩较好的IPO公司有着更高的市盈率,从而其破发概率较高;②中签率对于IPO抑价率的影响是负向的,表明中签率高的IPO公司股票一级市场需求满足度较高,二级市场更容易破发。造成IPO破发的主要原因在于IPO发行价格不合理,中签率高,发行制度的市场化程度不高。     

中小企业融资约束对R&D投入的影响分析——基于门限效应模型

在对国内外IPO定价有效性相关理论和文献进行梳理和归纳基础上,确定IPO抑价程度作为衡量新股定价有效性评价标准,并将其设为模型的被解释变量;另外,选取新股IPO中的募集资金净额、首发市盈率、上市市盈率、上市换手率、发行至上市期间市场回报率等作为解释变量。运用多元线性回归方法构建模型,样本数据来自于2005年-2016年A股市场IPO企业。实证检验结果表明,IPO抑价率与募集资金净额、发行市盈率和发行至上市期间市场回报率呈负相关关系,与上市市盈率、上市换手率呈正相关关系,揭示出我国A股市场IPO抑价现象是由一级市场与二级市场综合影响所致的。据此,提出相应的政策建议。     

市场分割下中国双重上市公司资产定价效率问题研究

文章对双重上市公司在不同市场首次公开发行定价、上市首日抑价和二级市场交易价格差异三个层次对资产定价效率进行了经验数据分析,结果表明,内资股相对外资股具有发行定价高、首目抑价高的“双高”现象;在定价效率方面,对于“A＋H”公司,A股的发行定价受到发行时H股二级市场价格的显著影响,而与H股的发行价格之间没有显著关系,但“A＋B”公司A股和B股的发行价格之间存在显著的正相关,同时在二级市场上,“A＋H”公司的市场价差波动相对于“A＋B”公司小。这意味着“A＋H”公司的资产定价效率要高于“A＋B”公司,H股的价格较能反映公司的真实估值,对A股的定价具有指导作用。     

我国房地产行业IPO发行抑价对比分析

本文以上市的IPO公司为样本,对比房地产行业和所有行业的一级市场抑价现象,同时将公司规模、公司年龄、市盈率作为解释变量对比解释结果发现,房地产行业抑价情况相较于所有行业较轻,对于公司规模、公司年龄等变量较敏感。     

When Does Pre‐IPO Financial Reporting Trigger Post‐IPO Legal Consequences?

Prior research suggests that the fear of litigation precludes most managers from manipulating earnings in the initial public offering (IPO) setting. Yet, managers' restraint is perhaps unwarranted: research has not yet linked instances of aggressive pre‐IPO reporting to increased litigation risk. This paper investigates when aggressive IPO reporting triggers legal consequences. Examining 2,037 IPOs, we find that even when ex post evidence indicates the presence of earnings inflation, litigation is more likely to occur when investors have relied on the suspect earnings during the pricing process. Why might investors rely on some firms' abnormal accruals when valuing the IPO and yet discount the abnormal accruals of other firms? Our analyses suggest that IPO investors incorporate abnormal accrual information into IPO prices in situations where accruals are more likely to reflect information and where other sources of information to help investors make pricing decisions are lacking or are less reliable. In these situations, we find that abnormal accruals do positively correlate with future performance, validating investors' use of this information when pricing these offerings. Yet, when ex post performance reveals that these pre‐IPO abnormal accruals were in fact inflated, we find that litigation emerges to allow harmed shareholders to recover losses incurred dating back to the pricing process—importantly, investors are only harmed if they used those abnormal accruals in pricing the IPO. Collectively, our evidence indicates that litigation in response to earnings inflation does indeed surface in the IPO setting—but only when investors need it to settle the score.     

盈余操控方式对创业板上市公司IPO后业绩的影响

通过对创业板上市公司从应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理两个视角比较不同盈余操控方式对IPO后企业业绩的影响。实证分析结果表明,创业板公司IPO前后同时实施应计项目操控和真实活动操控两种盈余操控行为。其中真实盈余管理是IPO后企业业绩下滑的深层次原因,且不同盈余操控方式对IPO后3年业绩影响具有时间差异。     

首次公开发行股票抑价的原因探讨

证券市场上IPO抑价过高,股票价格与价值相背离,造成新股在市场上长期表现不佳、效率低下。我国IPO抑价程度相比较其它国家更为严重,这一问题受到了众多学者的关注。因此,只有具体分析出我国存在IPO高抑价的原因,才能制定出相应的对策,完善我国新股发行定价的政策。     

江苏民营企业海外上市发行定价和后市表现实证分析

本文采用事件分析法,对江苏民营企业海外上市的发行定价和后市表现进行了实证分析。江苏民营企业海外上市地点主要是新加坡、香港和美国。研究表明,新加坡市场平均首日收益率远高于香港和美国市场;三地市场普遍存在发行抑价现象,其中,新加坡市场发行抑价率最高;从长期表现来看,美国市场后市表现较好,新加坡和香港市场后市表现弱于国内市场。     

中国上市公司IPO融资资金投向变更行为及其影响因素研究

本文以1998～2008年间在中国A股主板市场IPO上市的公司为样本,利用Logistic回归模型和多元线性回归模型,对中国上市公司IPO股权融资资金投向变更行为的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明,公司规模、盈利能力、独立董事的比例与变更IPO募集资金投向呈负相关;股权集中度、资金闲置比率、上市时机资与变更IPO募集资金投向呈正相关。在前面分析的基础上,本文最后提出了完善各类市场机制、加强对募集资金使用的监管、加强对募集资金使用的内部管理以及改善上市公司法人治理结构等一系列政策建议。     

注册制下IPO定价有效吗？——以创业板市场为例

2023年2月1日，我国正式启动全面实行股票发行注册制改革，在此制度下，新股首发定价是否有效，对投资者、上市公司、承销机构、监管者等各方而言无疑都是一个值得关注的问题。在梳理国内外新股发行定价有关文献的基础上，构建基于成本函数的单边随机前沿模型，并利用创业板上市公司股票首发数据和公开财务数据，依次使用OLS、MLE和单边随机前沿估计等方法对新股首发定价的有效性进行检验。结果发现，注册制下创业板股票首发定价存在明显的溢价效应。据此从监管者视角，提出未来监管应重点提高承销商的定价能力和自我约束，同时进一步强化投资者教育，培育理性投资理念，以推动创业板市场健康发展。     

Market Conditions and Abnormal Returns of IPO–An Empirical Study of Taiwan's High-Tech Companies

Four new determinants of initial/long-run IPO (initial public offering) returns from the perspectives of market conditions are proposed in this paper. The associated effects are examined by using the samples of Taiwan's high-tech IPO companies. Our empirical findings are consistent with the following notions. First, the four new determinants proposed perform remarkable effects on the IPO returns. Second, the length for IPO and IPO clustering phenomena has notable impacts on the long-run returns of IPO. In contrast, the performances of public stock markets show significant effects on the initial returns of IPO.     

对我国T＋1交易制度下IPO抑价和高换手问题的探析

文章从我国特殊的交易制度T＋1的特点出发,分析了在该交易制度下,我国IPO股票的不正常高抑价和高换手率。T＋1的特点是：首日只能是中签者卖出,且涨跌无限制,而买者当日无论股价涨跌多大,都不能卖出。因此,按常理IPO股票不应该出现高抑价和高换手率,但我国的IPO股票却出现了。这种制度造成了IPO股票出现高抑价和高换手率,建议管理层应加强对现行交易制度下,不正常的新股首日高抑价和高换手的监管,防范动机不良的交易者的违法乱市行为。     

Growth Enterprise Board Initial Public Offerings： Characteristics,Volatility and the Initial-day Performance

We use the Chinese initial public offering data from October 2009 to August 2010 to examine the newly‐established growth enterprise board (GEB). The results indicate that the GEB has been successful and is providing a viable channel for new small and medium‐sized firms to raise external capital. Four variables, the volatility variable, the turnover ratio, the winning lottery ratio and the price–earnings ratio, are important factors driving the initial‐day returns in the regression analysis. The implementation of the new trading‐halts policy on the GEB is found to be effective in mitigating excessive speculation. Our analysis results could be used by policy‐makers to gauge the effects of policy changes on the underpricing of the initial public offerings of the GEB.     

中国股票市场国际化刍议

国际化是股票市场发展成熟的必然选择,20年来中国股市一直都在进行国际化探索。本文探讨了中国股市国际化的本质要求、问题和条件。研究表明,中国股票市场的发展取得了巨大成就并逐步走向成熟,这与坚持国际化发展方向紧密相关,国际化深刻影响着中国股市制度和股市结构。要实现股市国际化的最终目标,除了逐步完善国际化的基本条件、推出A股市场国际版外,应重点考虑实行新股发行注册制并在人民币国际化大趋势中逐步推动深港交易所的合并。