金融衍生产品主协议终止数额计算方法比较

为订立统一的金融衍生交易标准、秩序与协议,ISDA 协会(国际掉期与衍生工具协会)成立后,致力于推动国际协议的发展完善,ISDA 主协议已经从1987年、1992年ISDA 主协议,发展到2002 年ISDA 主协议.在我国,中国人民银行于2009 年3 月授权中国银行间市场交易商协会推出<中国银行间市场金融衍生产品交易主协议>(2009 年版)(下称"NAFMII 主协议")以涵盖境内市场参与者间叙做的金融衍生产品.     

我国金融衍生交易终止净额结算之破产法探析

金融衍生交易终止净额结算是一种重要的信用风险缓释技术,有助于提高金融资金效率、避免金融市场系统性风险,被国际上ISDA主协议和我国NAFMII主协议所承认.终止净额结算的法理基础是抵销,与我国《合同法》相协调,但发生破产类违约事件时,则与我国《企业破产法》及司法解释相冲突.我国应当制定《金融衍生交易法》,明确金融衍生交易的概念、合格交易、合格主体,以确定终止净额结算的范围,确认单一协议和提前终止权的效力,具体规定终止净额结算的规则,同时防止金融衍生交易终止净额结算被滥用.     

我国法律环境下ISDA协议探析

ISDA协议在国际市场上得到广泛运用，该文根据中国的法律制度，分别从协议的法律效力，交易代理、担保法、破产法等角度对ISDA协议进行了分析，着重分析了ISDA协议与中国现行法律制度可能存在的冲突。     

本案保证人是否可以不承担保证责任

一、案情简介 1997年4月2日,A公司向B银行申请开立远期信用证,4月10日C公司出具不可撤销担保函,约定"申请人(即A公司)如不能按照规定的金额和期限偿还贵行付汇款项和押汇本息时,愿承担连带清偿责任".97年6月5日,信用证项下货物单据到达,B银行凭A公司出具的信托收据放单.97年11月28日,B银行与A公司又签订进口押汇协议.押汇到期,A公司未能归还押汇款项,B银行依法起诉A公司和保证人C公司,要求被告偿还押汇金额.     

内部评级法思想及其在商业银行风险管理中的应用

为提升国内银行的风险管理能力,银监会不断推进实施新资本协议.内部评级法作为新资本协议的核心内容,其基本思想对于商业银行提高风险管理能力具有重要指导作用.本文从内部评级法的基本思想入手,结合内部评级法在国内银行风险管理中的应用情况,提出应用内部评级法加强国内银行风险管理的政策建议.     

内部评级法思想及其在商业银行风险管理中的应用

为提升国内银行的风险管理能力,银监会不断推进实施新资本协议。内部评级法作为新资本协议的核心内容,其基本思想对于商业银行提高风险管理能力具有重要指导作用。文章从内部评级法的基本思想入手,结合内部评级法在国内银行风险管理中的应用情况,提出应用内部评级法加强国内银行风险管理的政策建议。     

一笔国际收支涉及不同交易性质是否应分别申报

一、案例回放 近日，某企业在银行办理出口收汇业务时，要求银行将一笔金额为107万美元的汇入款项分为贸易项下收入99．2万美元及非贸易项下收入7．8万美元做两笔申报。银行向外汇局咨询后，拒绝了企业的要求。为掌握企业将一笔收汇分开申报的动机，黄石市中心支局及时与企业取得联系，了解到该企业在出口贸易中，除正常货款外，还有若干非贸易项下的速遣费收入。由于境外付款方将货款、速遣费一次性汇入，造成申报金额大于报关金额，且超过正常的差额核销范围，给企业核销带来麻烦。企业在经历几次出现差额不能顺利核销的问题后，发现核销难的原因是非贸易收入申报在贸易项下所引起的，于是向银行提出要“分开申报”。     

我国商业银行的内部评级体系:实践及挑战

2004年,巴塞尔银行监管委员会出台了《统一资本计量和资本标准的国际协议:修订框架》(简称《巴塞尔新资本协议)》,确定了基于内部评级法的信用风险度量和资本金计算框架,使得内部评级体系作为银行经营管理的主线显得更加明确。在这一国际大背景下,我国大中型银行逐步借鉴国际银行业风险管理实践,加强了信用风险管理,初步建立了内部评级体系,积极准备实施《巴塞尔新资本协议》内部评级法。本文在把握我国银行内部评级体系建设实践的基础上,重点分析了部分银行内部评级体系在违约定义、评级结构、评级方法、评级流程等方面的特点,揭示了其与《巴塞尔新资本协议》内部评级法之间的差距。     

保兑行丢失单据有关责任的案例分析

2002年5月10日某客户向C行提交信用证项下出口单据一套,金额为USD20886.40,该信用证(LC322022IMP)为贝宁某银行所开立,由法国某银行加具保兑.……     

试论贸易融资风险管理

贸易融资是指银行在进出口交易过程中，以交易项下款项回笼为还款来源，按交易金额的一定比例给予客户提供的短期资金或信用支持服务。     

The options market maker exception to SEC Regulation SHO

Until 2008, options market makers engaged in bona fide market making were exempt from locate and certain close-out requirements for short sales (the “Exception”). This Exception applied only to short sales that qualified as bona fide hedges of options positions that were established before a stock went on the SEC Regulation SHO Threshold List. In this paper we examine the consequences of eliminating this close-out Exception. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that eliminating the Options Market Maker Exception to SEC Regulation SHO reduced the incentive to naked short sell stocks through the options market. We compare data from the second and fourth quarters of 2008. Consistent with our predictions, we find that eliminating the Exception led to fewer fails-to-deliver and higher stock borrow rates for optionable stocks as compared to non-optionable stocks. Further, removing the Exception reduced fails-to-deliver for optionable stocks when the price of borrowing stock was high. Finally, options market trading volume declined after the Exception was eliminated.     

Mortgage Terminations and Pool Characteristics: Some Additional Evidence

The amount and timing of unscheduled principal amortization determines the ex-post yield to holders of mortgage-backed securities. In this paper, the relationship between pool characteristics and the early return of principal is addressed. Empirical results are based on actual terminations from June 1985 to June 1986 on a sample of all GNMA pools. The relative termination experience of pools with loan rates close to the refinancing rate faced by the underlying borrower is examined in detail. The impact of pool age and size is also considered. Unscheduled termination depends on the refinancing rate, as well as the specific characteristics of a pool.     

Failed takeovers, methods of payment, and bidder returns

This study documents bidding-firm stock returns upon the announcement of takeover terminations. On average, bidding firms that offer common stock experience a positive abnormal return, and firms that offer cash experience a negative abnormal return. The positive performance is primarily driven by bidders initiating the takeover termination. Commonstock-financed bidders earn a return not significantly different from that earned by cashfinanced bidders when terminations are initiated by the target firm. The results are consistent with the asymmetric information hypothesis, that the decision not to issue common stock conveys favorable information to the market. In addition, bidder returns at takeover termination are positively related to the amount of undistributed cash flow, supporting the free cash flow hypothesis.     

Migrate or not? The effects of regulation SHO on options trading activities

In this study, we investigate the effects of stock short-sale constraints on options trading by exploiting two US Securities and Exchange Commission rule changes under Regulation SHO: Rule 203 (locate and close-out requirements) and Rule 202T (temporary removal of short-sale price tests). We find that stock short selling activities decrease (increase) significantly after Rule 203 (Rule 202T) implementation, supporting the validity of Rule 203 (Rule 202T) as an exogenous increase (decrease) in short-sale constraints. Options volume increases significantly after Rule 203 went into effect and the result is more pronounced among firms with lower levels of institutional ownership and smaller options bid-ask spreads. Therefore, the evidence from Rule 203 suggests that investors may use options as substitutes for stock short sales when short selling is less feasible or more costly due to the locate and delivery requirements. In contrast, we find no significant change in the options trading volume of pilot stocks during the pilot program of Rule 202T. Overall, our results indicate that the impact of short-sale constraints on options trading varies with the types of constraints affected.     

论继续性合同终止制度的法律构造

继续性合同终止的制度构成,包括终止条件、终止主体、终止意思表示、终止程序和终止效力。终止条件确立了非任意终止和任意终止的二分,终止主体因非任意终止权和任意终止权而有不同,终止通知是终止意思表示外部化的表现形式与法定程序,非任意终止均为即时终止,预告终止仅存在于任意终止之中,终止仅向将来发生合同消灭的效果,一般不具有溯及力。     

Valuation of reverse mortgages under (limited) default risk

In this paper, we develop a consistent valuation framework for reverse mortgages based on reduced-form intensity models as used in credit risk modelling. Within our modelling framework, we explicitly calculate the probability that the total loan amount exceeds the house value at termination of the contract and derive the maximum payment(s) which can be made to the homeowner under certain constraints. We apply our results to data from the German market and discuss implications for the design of reverse mortgages from a lender's perspective.     

Threat of termination and firm innovation

This study investigates how the ex-ante threat of termination affects firm performance in innovation measured by number of patents and citations. Empirical results show that the threat of termination is negatively associated with both measures of firm innovation. This relation however is sensitive to industry structure. The negative effect of the threat of termination on innovation is statistically significant only for high-tech firms. For low-tech firms there is no statistically significant relation between the threat of termination and firm innovation. One plausible explanation is that high-tech firms are inherently risky and have higher rates of project failure. Adding the risk of higher threat of termination makes the manager more risk averse and forces her to avoid investing in value increasing innovations. Managers in low-tech firms don’t face such pressures. The policy implication is that high-tech firms should lower threat of termination and increase tolerance for project failure to encourage innovation.     

The Relative Termination Experience of Adjustable to Fixed-Rate Mortgages

Our study uses a multinomial logit model to analyze the concurrent termination experience of adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgages. A new set of ARM-specific interactive determinants expands the conventional FRM specification to isolate the unique termination behavior of ARMs. We find that expected rate adjustments and large lifetime caps are positively related to ARM termination probabilities while long adjustment frequencies are inversely related. Caps, both periodic and lifetime, have a secondary, inverse effect on termination probabilities when interest-rate movements exceed cap limits. The model also shows that interest-rate expectations affect FRM terminations more strongly than ARM terminations.     

Termination Fees in Mergers and Acquisitions: Protecting Investors or Managers?

Abstract:  Institutional investors closely monitor termination fees in mergers and acquisitions (M&A). We argue that their magnitude reflects either agency problems or efficiency considerations. Focusing on M&A involving Canadian targets between 1997 and 2004, we assess the determinants and market impact of termination fees. Our findings show that the Thomson's SDC Platinum™ Worldwide Mergers & Acquisitions Database underestimates their extent. Results suggest that termination fees are essentially an efficient mechanism as they are relatively higher in M&A with high merger costs, a cash component and expected operating synergies. Stock market returns surrounding the deal announcement do not differ across levels of relative termination fees.     

Termination risk and managerial risk taking

We test the hypothesis that managers who face a high termination risk make less risky investments than the managers who face a low termination risk. A 10% increase in our measure of termination risk is associated with a 5%–23% decline in stock returns volatility for the median firm in our sample. We also find that for CEOs who are more likely to be fired in the event of investment failure, the inhibiting effect of termination risk appears to offset the positive effect of convexity of managerial compensation on managerial risk taking. These results are robust to alternative definitions of forced turnover and various measures of firm performances.