Technological diversification, complementary assets, and performance

Most research on technological diversification or complementary assets has been carried out in isolation when assessing their effects on performance. In this study, we posit that technological diversification and performance are positively linked and that specialized complementary assets have a moderating effect on this relationship. This study also finds that different specialized complementary assets have distinctive moderating effects on the relationship between technological diversification and performance. We conclude that maintaining a coherent relationship between technological diversification and specialized complementary assets give firms generates competitive advantage.     

The two sides of academic research: do basic and applied activities complement each other?

It is generally acknowledged that the cuts in government funding for research implemented in several European countries will induce academic researchers to increase their interaction with non academic entities to promote the acquisition of external funding for research. Indirectly this implies that there will be a shift in the focus of academic scientific activity from basic to applied research via private research contracts and consultancy work. The aim of our paper is to assess the extent of the trade-off between basic research and applied activity in academic research departments. We use data for the universe of Italian academic departments over the period 2006–2011 and estimate whether increased applied activity is substituting or complementing basic research activity. We provide empirical evidence of a strong substitution effect for life sciences departments and, to a lesser extent, for engineering and technology departments, while there does not seem to be evidence of a substitution effect for departments whose scientific activity revolves around basic science.     

Happiness of economists

We study the importance of economists’ professional situation towards their life satisfaction based on a unique survey of mostly academic economists. On average, economists report to be highly happy with life. Satisfaction is positively related to spending more time on doing research. The lack of a tenured position decreases satisfaction. However, the extent to which the uncertainty created by the tenure system affects satisfaction varies with the contract terms. The effect is stronger if the contract expires in the near future or cannot be extended. Publication success has no effect if it is controlled for academic rank and the contract duration. The finding suggests that publications are rather a means to an end, for example, to acquire a tenured position. While the perceived level of external pressure also has no impact, the perceived change of pressure in recent years is positively related to economists’ life satisfaction. An explanation is that economists have accepted a high level of pressure when entering academia but are not willing to cope with the recent increase.     

国际合资企业IJVs的研发环境与产品创新：技术创新成果保护的调节作用

目前成立在华国际合资企业是我国引进外商投资的重要途径之一。本文通过实证研究探究在华国际合资企业研发环境与其产品创新绩效之间的关系。研究结果显示,在华IJVs所处的研发环境中,政府支持、市场环境、知识环境以及市场对创新的需求都对产品创新绩效具有直接影响,基础设施与社会环境这一因素对在华IJVs产品创新的影响并不显著。研究还发现,在华国际合资企业采取技术创新成果的竞争性保护措施和法律保护措施均会对在华IJVs研发环境和产品创新之间的关系产生调节作用。     

企业基础研究对技术创新绩效的影响：来自中国生物制药企业的分析

基础研究可以为企业带来大量新颖性知识,是企业提升原始创新能力、构建竞争优势的重要支撑。基于知识理论,分析企业基础研究广度和深度对技术创新绩效的影响,并考察企业桥接科学家的中介作用及知识整合能力的调节效应。在此基础上,利用2009—2019年科学导向型中国生物制药行业80家企业专利申请和SCI论文发表数据进行实证检验。结果表明：企业基础研究广度对技术创新绩效具有正向影响,而基础研究深度与技术创新绩效之间呈现倒U型关系;企业桥接科学家在基础研究广度、深度与技术创新绩效之间发挥部分中介作用。同时,企业技术知识整合能力可以强化基础研究广度与技术创新绩效间的正向关系,削弱基础研究深度与技术创新绩效间的倒U型关系。     

Industrial interactions and academic patenting: evidence from German scientists

Using a unique survey of scientists at a large public research organization, this paper examines the effects of industry interactions on academic patenting. Two types of collaborations, industrial cooperation and consulting, are considered. Results show that both cooperation and consultancy increase the likelihood of patenting. However, only the positive influence of industrial cooperation stands up to robustness checks. Effects of personal, professional and institutional factors are in line with the literature, yet with some differences across cooperation and consultancy. Implications for research policy concerning academic patenting and challenges that industry may experience are discussed.     

高承诺工作系统与员工建设性越轨行为关系的跨层次研究

根据认知评价理论和心理契约理论,基于70 个部门243 份主管—员工有效配对样本,探索高承诺工作系统能力-动机-机会3个维度与员工建设性越轨行为的跨层次关系及其内在机制,并检验员工集体主义导向的调节作用。结果表明：能力提升实践和机会授予实践对建设性越轨行为的影响不显著,但对个人控制力有显著负向影响,动机增强实践对建设性越轨行为和个体控制力均有显著正向影响;个人控制力在动机增强实践与建设性越轨行为间起部分中介作用;动机增强实践与建设性越轨行为的关系受员工集体主义导向的权变影响,即当个体集体主义导向较低时,动机增强实践正向影响建设性越轨行为,但当个体集体主义导向较高时,动机增强实践与建设性越轨行为间的关系不显著。     

Public funds and outputs in higher academic technical institutions: insights from India

ABSTRACT

This study examines the effect of public funding and its lag structure on research outputs in higher academic technical institutions of India. It contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the determinants of academic publications and patents in the developing country context. We use panel data of actual yearly expenditure of 54 comparable scientific departments of the Indian Institutes of Technology from 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. The results highlight the need for increased funding for operational activities of the institutes as it is positively associated with publication and patent intensity.     

贸易的技术创新效应*——国内外贸易联动与部门间分工的权衡

国际贸易可以通过技术溢出提升一国的技术创新水平,但发展中国家的价值链低端锁定却可能阻碍技术溢出效应的实现。在引入国内贸易的分析视角后,国内外贸易联动发展有助于提升贸易的技术创新效应。国内外贸易联动可通过竞争驱动效应、信息扩散效应与价值链组接效应强化技术溢出在竞争、模仿、上下游联系等方面的影响,进而推动技术创新。而国内外贸易部门专业化则在其中发挥着正向调节作用。本文构建了国内外贸易联动指标,通过面板固定效应、面板分位数模型对相关作用机制进行了实证检验,并通过了稳健性检验。实证结果支持了国内外贸易联动对技术创新的提升作用,并且在国内贸易专业化程度较高的地区,国内外贸易联动的正面影响更强。     

Moral hazard,competition and contract design: empirical evidence from managerial,franchised and entrepreneurial businesses in Norway

Agency theory emphasizes the role of ownership, control and incentives in encouraging managers to improve efficiency. Owners often tie managers to contracts that reduce conflict of interest between owners and managers. The differences between alternative business ownership structures have been investigated. According to theory, we expect managers with an outcome-dependent dealer contract to be more efficient than managers with a more integrated and less performance based employee dealer contract. We also analyse how competitive pressure might reduce the moral hazard problem and therefore affect contract design. Berle and Means (The Modern Corporation and Private Property, Macmillan, New York, 1932) long ago stated that the market mechanism could constrain the agency problem. Even so, this problem has scarcely been investigated empirically. This paper also considers the contractual effect of potential monitoring costs, education and relationship age in a model tested on data from 175 dealer contracts in a multinational oil company.     

国立农业科研机构经费配置结构的创新影响研究

运用随机前沿分析方法,以2013—2020年中国农业领域国立科研机构的面板数据为样本,在控制区域差异与机构特征的前提下,首次同时分析稳定性和竞争性两种类型科研经费对科研机构基础研究与成果转化效率的非线性影响,并考虑了其对高质量基础研究的异质性影响。研究发现,样本期内稳定性科研经费的增加可以同时显著促进国立农业科研机构基础研究与成果转化效率的提升,但对高质量基础研究效率并无显著影响;竞争性科研经费与基础研究效率之间呈倒U型关系,与成果转化效率显著正相关,且与高质量基础研究效率之间也呈显著正相关关系。     

国际承包工程风险管理之浅见

我国作为一个发展中国家，积极参与国际经济技术合作，对增强我国企业在国际市场上的竞争能力和经济效益的提高具有十分重要的意义，作为国际工程承包企业除了加强企业内部自身管理之外，由于其行业的特殊性，正确认识风险的来源和性质，对于企业抵御风险能力是非常必要的，本文从风险国际承包工程风险管理之角度就国际工程承包中风险的来源，风险与收益之间的关系以及防范和控制风险的方法等问题简要阐述了笔者的一点粗浅看法。     

Migrant networks and foreign direct investment

Although there exists a sizeable literature documenting the importance of ethnic networks for international trade, little attention has been devoted to studying the effects of migrants on foreign direct investment (FDI). The presence of migrants can stimulate FDI by promoting information flows across international borders and by serving as a contract enforcement mechanism. This paper investigates the link between the presence of migrants in the US and US FDI in the migrants' countries of origin, taking into account the potential endogeneity concerns. The results suggest that US FDI abroad is positively correlated with the presence of migrants from the host country. The data further indicate that the relationship between FDI and migration is stronger for migrants with tertiary education.     

The economics of research,consulting, and teaching quality: theory and evidence from a technical university

We investigate the effect of both research and consulting on teaching quality in higher education, at the individual level. We propose a theoretical model in which academics allocate effort between the three activities, over a two period time horizon, under the assumption of positive spillovers from research to both consulting opportunities and teaching, and of life-cycle effects on incentives. Propositions from the model are tested against data from a mid-sized Italian engineering faculty. We find that teaching quality is negatively related to consulting and positively related to research experience. However, both relationships are not linear, due to the importance of several mediating factors, such as seniority and the role of scientific publications as a signal for attracting consulting opportunities.     

科研团队视角下我国研究型大学参与产学研合作对学术绩效的影响

参与产学研合作对我国大学主体目标的实现（良好学术绩效的取得）是否有帮助？该议题的相关研究仍然较为缺乏。以参与产学研合作的我国研究型大学科研团队为研究对象，通过理论推演、实证分析等方法研究其与产业界所建立的3类合作关系（学术交流型、学术参与型以及学术商业化型）对学术绩效的影响，发现不同类型产学研合作关系对学术绩效的影响存在显著差异。其中，学术交流型合作关系对学术绩效没有显著影响，学术参与型合作关系对学术绩效有正向影响，但是学术商业化型合作关系对学术绩效有负向影响。研究结论对我国研究型大学妥善处理与产业界的合作关系，从而提升自身学术绩效具有重要参考价值。     

过程、结果维度的环境治理与企业财务绩效

目前国内外对于环境治理与企业财务绩效之间关系的研究,结论不一致且不能有效比较,可能是由于没有区分环境治理的不同维度,而高成本的环境治理过程与环境治理结果之间的关系尚不明确。本文基于2009—2017年A股公司年报手工搜集企业环境治理数据,基于权衡理论、自然资源理论和TLGT效应等,检验了环境治理过程和结果与企业财务绩效之间的非线性关系。结果发现:环境治理过程正向影响环境治理结果,而环境治理过程和结果两个维度都与企业财务绩效呈U型关系,较差的环境治理过程和结果均负向影响财务绩效,而较好的环境治理过程和结果均正向影响财务绩效,并且环境治理结果在环境治理过程和企业财务绩效之间发挥非线性中介作用。进一步检验发现,过程维度的环境治理仅通过成本效应路径影响财务绩效,而结果维度的环境治理同时通过成本效应路径和差异化效应路径影响财务绩效。本文基于中国的制度背景将环境治理划分为治理过程和治理结果两个维度,为企业环境治理与财务绩效之间的关系提供了经验证据,并对促进中国企业环境治理提供了一定启示。     

INTERNATIONAL ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING AND ORIGINAL DESIGN MANUFACTURING CONTRACTS WITH QUALITY‐DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS

We build a model of international subcontracting in quality‐differentiated goods. Assuming no entry in an original equipment manufacturing (OEM) market, we show that the foreign outsourcer will choose an original design manufacturing (ODM) contract only if the subcontractor is good enough at product design. However, the product quality with the ODM contract is not necessarily higher than that with the OEM contract. When the subcontracting market becomes perfectly competitive, the outsourcer will always choose an OEM contract. In a two‐period model with learning and entry effects, the foreign outsourcer chooses between different modes of manufacturing contracts. We demonstrate that a laissez‐faire policy on research and development (R&D) activity may be optimal even if the subcontracting firm can only obtain an OEM contract. In the case where the OEM market becomes perfectly competitive in the second period, we predict that a positive R&D subsidy in the first period can help the domestic subcontractor obtain OEM–ODM contracts and, as a result, national welfare rises.     

绿色产品协同创新中契约形式对供应商创新性的影响——供应商绿色创新资源优先配置的中介及产品复杂性与技术新颖性的调节

激发供应商创新性对供应链协同创新意义重大。从契约治理视角，探讨供应商参与绿色产品协同创新中契约形式对供应商创新性的影响。来自制造业231个样本的实证研究表明：①过程控制型契约与供应商创新性之间存在倒U型关系，目标激励型契约正向影响供应商创新性；②供应商绿色创新资源优先配置在两种契约形式和供应商创新性间起中介作用；③上述中介作用分别被产品复杂性和技术新颖性调节，二者均正向调节目标激励型契约对供应商创新性的间接作用，技术新颖性负向调节过程控制型契约对供应商创新性的间接作用。     

Franchise fee, competition and economic growth

This paper introduces the different kinds of franchise contract bargaining into a macroeconomic model and accordingly researches the relationship between competition and economic growth. In Nash bargaining model/vertical integration we find an inverted-U shaped or a monotonically increasing relationship between the competitive degree of the intermediate goods market and economic growth. In bargaining of the right to manage model/vertical non-integration our result shows an inverted-U shaped or a monotonically decreasing relationship between the competitive degree of the intermediate goods market and economic growth. In addition, there is an overall negative relationship between the competitive degree of the final goods market and economic growth. Especially, our interesting findings that the pricing rule for intermediate goods firm depends not only on market power but also bargaining power are more general. Therefore, we can further explain the firms' vertical control strategy.     

海外网络嵌入性、国际学习对国际化绩效的影响

以国际学习为中介变量，以东道国制度环境为调节变量，构建了海外网络嵌入性影响国际化绩效的理论模型。基于长三角地区353家外向型制造企业问卷数据的实证分析表明，海外网络嵌入性对国际化绩效具有正向影响，而且，国际学习在海外网络嵌入性与国际化绩效关系中起部分中介作用。进一步研究发现，东道国制度环境在海外网络嵌入性与国际学习关系中起正向调节作用，东道国制度环境在海外网络嵌入性与国际化绩效关系中也起正向调节作用。