赤道原则与商业银行发展

赤道原则是金融机构进行项目融资时在环境保护和社会发展方面所遵循的标准。国际先进银行的实践表明,赤道原则有利于商业银行降低项目融资风险,改善内部管理体制和经营绩效,提高银行的社会声誉。我国金融机构应从内外两方面积极适应赤道原则,通过提供卓越的金融产品和服务来发挥影响力,支持社会、经济、环境的可持续发展。     

赤道原则与商业银行发展研究

赤道原则是金融机构在项目融资时对环境保护和社会发展方面所遵循的标准。国际先进银行采用赤道原则的实践表明，赤道原则有利于商业银行降低项目融资风险，改善内部管理体制和经营绩效，提高银行的社会声誉。我国金融机构应从内外两方面积极适应赤道原则。通过提供卓越的金融产品和服务来发挥影响力，支持社会、经济、环境的可持续发展。     

赤道原则与我国商业银行覆行社会责任研究

“赤道原则”是用以确定、评估和管理项目融资过程所涉及社会和环境风险的金融界指标。论文在介绍“赤道原则”的基础上根据利益相关者理论分析了银行履行社会责任的必要性。然后论文对商业银行承担社会责任的动机进行了分析,商业银行承担社会责任既有外部动机又有内部动机,外部动机主要来自于政府和监管者对其的法律约束,以及客户选择权对其经济利益实现的约束。对于商业银行承担社会责任的内部动机,论文引入管理者偏好模型对其进行了分析,有现代企业制度下管理者对企业有较大的决定权,企业承担社会责任的取决于管理者对承担社会责任和收益的衡量,不同管理者有不同的偏好,而企业有限的资源就成了承担社会责任的约束曲线,偏好曲线与约束曲线的交点决定了企业选择承担社会责任的数量。通过以上分析说明商业银行在承担社会责任方面利大于弊,我国商业银行应该履行社会责任。通过对商业银行承担社会责任的内外部动机分析,结合我国商业银行在履行社会责任方面的现状,本文提出了促进我国商业银行承担社会责任的建议。一方面,要加强商业银行社会责任相关的法律建设和完善社会主义市场经济体制,这样才能使银行受到充分的外部监督;另一方面,要完善商业银行自身的管理机制,完善的内部管理机制是内部动机作用的条件。     

信用证交易原则与银行利益

许多银行认为信用证机制本身存在一定的缺陷，为不法分子提供了诈骗的机会，银行按照国际惯例开立了信用证，结果陷入了“信用证诈骗陷阱”，表面上看来是方便了企业，损害了银行利益，其实从法规的角度看，信用证的基本交易原则是保护银行利益。     

国际融资中的环境与社会标准:赤道原则

赤道原则是由世界主要金融机构根据国际金融公司和世界银行的政策和指南建立的,旨在决定、评估和管理项目融资中的环境与社会风险而确定的金融行业基准。它广泛运用于国际融资实践,并发展成为行业惯例。实践中,赤道银行的中心工作是审慎性审核调查,它们实际上成了环境和社会保护的民间代理人,非政府组织是监督赤道原则实施的主要力量。中国银行业接受赤道原则对银行的风险管理、声誉、市场份额、竞争环境、国际合作和可持续发展等都将大有裨益,并最终促进金融的和谐发展,但赤道原则要移植并扎根于中国,还需要一个合适的金融生态环境,为此,银行还要做很多的工作。     

国际融资中的环境与社会标准：赤道原则

赤道原则是由世界主要金融机构根据国际金融公司和世界银行的政策和指南建立的，旨在决定、评估和管理项目融资中的环境与社会风险而确定的金融行业基准。它广泛运用于国际融资实践，并发展成为行业惯例。实践中，赤道银行的中心工作是审慎性审核调查，它们实际上成了环境和社会保护的民间代理人，非政府组织是监督赤道原则实施的主要力量。中国银行业接受赤道原则对银行的风险管理、声誉、市场份额、竞争环境、国际合作和可持续发展等都将大有裨益，并最终促进金融的和谐发展，但赤道原则要移植并扎根于中国，还需要一个合适的金融生态环境，为此，银行还要做很多的工作。     

赤道原则的国际实践及启示

赤道原则作为当前世界上判断、评估和管理项目融资中的环境与社会风险的一个金融行业基准,把项目融资中的环境和社会标准明确化、具体化,使整个银行业的环境与社会标准得到了基本统一,有利于发挥金融在和谐社会建设中的核心作用,促进人与自然、人与社会、人与人之间的和谐发展。中国银行业应尽早接受赤道原则,尤其是国家开发银行等为国际金融组织贷款转贷的开发性金融机构和中国银行等海外业务较多的国际性银行更应率先垂范。     

基于“赤道原则”下商业银行履行社会责任有效性的实现

＂赤道原则＂倡导金融机构对于项目融资中的环境问题应尽到审慎性核查义务,只有在融资申请方面能够证明项目执行对社会和环境负责的前提下,才能提供融资。该原则已成为各国银行可持续金融运行的行动指南。基于＂赤道原则＂下我国商业银行履行社会责任有着积极的现实意义。     

赤道原则,让银行“绿”起来

2009年年底,兴业银行首个适用赤道原则的项目——福建华电永安发电2×300MW扩建项目正式落地。这标志着我国银行开始在项目融资中考虑环境和社会影响问题。早在2008年,兴业银行就宣布采纳赤道原则,成为国内首家赤道银行。     

论出口退税制度的完善

税收中性原则要求出口退税"征多少退多少";出口退税对税收和经济增长有推进器作用,WTO允许成员国推行出口退税政策.我国出口退税制度设计不够合理;出口退税政策目前在中国缺乏高效发挥作用的环境.为此,应当对增值税进行改革;扩大退税范围;提高按计划退税的效用,建立出口退税资金由中央和地方共同分担的利益机制;建立由税务部门、海关、银行、外汇管理机制向其提供信息的综合型税务信息库,并在信息库中安装"预警系统软件".     

Bank Corporate Governance,Beyond the Global Banking Crisis

Following up on the publication of the Walker Report ( 2009 ) in the United Kingdom, international organizations such as the Basel Committee ( 2010 ), the OECD ( 2010 ), and the European Union ( 2010 ) have proposed guidelines to improve bank corporate governance and, more specifically, risk governance. These international reports vary widely on what the prime objective of bank corporate governance should be, with one group recommending a shareholder‐based approach, and the other a stakeholder‐based one. Moreover, the focus of these reports is exclusively on risk avoidance, with little guidance as to how an acceptable level of risk should be defined. Drawing on insights from economics and finance, this paper is intended to contribute to the debate on bank corporate governance. Our four main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, the debate on bank governance should concern not only the boards but also the governance of banking supervision with clearly identified accountability principles. Secondly, since biases for short‐term profit maximization are numerous in banking, boards of banks should focus on long‐term value creation. Thirdly, board members and banking supervisors should pay special attention to cognitive biases in risk identification and measurement. Fourthly, a value‐based approach to risk taking must take into account the probability of stress scenarios and the associated costs of financial distress. Mitigation of these costs should be addressed explicitly in the design of bank strategy.     

金融机构的企业社会责任基准:赤道原则

赤道原则是金融机构的企业社会责任基准,是全球企业社会责任运动推动的结果。它要求金融机构对于项目融资中的环境和社会问题尽到审慎性审核调查义务。它能实现金融机构的企业社会责任和经济责任的有机统一,对社会、金融界和金融机构本身都具有重大意义。目前,它已成功运用于国际实践,呈现出自己的特点,也出现了一些问题。因此, 我国金融机构要讲究策略,积极应对接受赤道原则。     

绿色信贷政策得不偿失还是得偿所愿？——基于资源配置视角的PSM-DID成本效率分析

党的十九大报告聚焦生态文明体制改革,明确提出了发展绿色金融的战略要求。商业银行作为实施绿色信贷政策的主体,更加关注因此而产生的成本效率问题,即考量银行自身是得不偿失抑或得偿所愿？本文基于2005—2017年间73家中国商业银行的数据,首先,运用SFA模型测算商业银行的成本效率;其次,运用倾向得分匹配—双重差分法(PSM-DID)实证分析绿色信贷政策对银行成本效率影响的净效应;最后,采用边际动态检验方法考察绿色信贷政策净效应的影响趋势。文章发现绿色信贷政策的实施会通过成本效应机制降低银行成本效率,但同时因其改善了银行的信贷风险管理、提升了银行的声誉,从而对银行成本效率施加正向影响。此外,文章还发现绿色信贷政策的净效应呈现U型趋势,表现为2007—2013年绿色信贷政策净效应负向影响加深,2014年后出现转好信号,现已越过U型谷底。因此,从长期看,绿色信贷政策将有利于银行成本效率提升。     

Repeated lending under contractual incompleteness

We consider a model of repeated (relationship) lending in which some contingencies that are relevant for a bank’s decision to finance a project cannot be described contractually. The hazards related to this lack of contractibility can be magnified by actions taken by an entrepreneur. The continuation value of a lending relationship induces borrowers to take actions that minimize the ex-post conflict of interests resulting from contractual incompleteness. The optimal lending relationship is stationary on the equilibrium path. A robust feature of an optimal lending relationship is that the action schedule (as a function of project types) adopted by the entrepreneur is either a constant or a step function. Hence, the bank imposes to the entrepreneur a finite set of decisions from which he can pick his action, bounding his discretion over decisions. This leads to lower interest rates charged by the bank and to efficient refinancing in a lending relationship when compared to arm’s length financing.     

Should banks own equity stakes in their borrowers? A contractual solution to hold-up problems

This paper develops a model to answer the question whether a bank should hold a share of the equity of a borrowing firm. The model shows that a small equity stake held by the bank can have a significant and positive impact on the lending relationship. The benefit of bank equity participation arises from the reduced ability of the bank to extract rents from the firm in multiple rounds of financing. This, in turn, improves the firm’s incentive to make investments in profitable projects that require future outside finance. The benefit is likely to be significant for small to medium size firms, growth firms, and firms with ongoing capital needs. The paper addresses, from a corporate finance perspective, the current debate about whether banks should be allowed to own equity stakes in corporations – and how large these equity stakes should be.     

The impact of monetary policy on the financing behaviour of firms in the Euro area and the UK

Abstract

According to the ‘broad credit view’ bank-dependent firms are more strongly affected by monetary contractions than firms with access to non-bank forms of external finance. Within the credit view the bank lending channel focuses on the special role of bank loans, and predicts that monetary contractions reduce loan supply to firms facing information problems. However, the ‘relationship lending channel’ argues that, especially in bank-based economies, bank-dependent firms have close ties with banks, which may reduce the sensitivity of their use of bank debt to monetary shocks. The sensitivity of corporate debt structures to changes in the monetary policy stance is analysed using a sample of 22,000 firms in the Euro area and the UK. Evidence is found for the credit view, the relationship lending channel, but not for the bank lending channel.     

借贷便利创新工具有效影响了商业银行贷款利率吗？

本文基于手工收集的2009—2017年中国银行业数据,利用我国借贷便利工具创新这一准自然实验,以借贷便利工具的运用需要商业银行提供合格担保品这一要求为切入点,考察了借贷便利工具对商业银行贷款利率的影响。研究发现,借贷便利工具创设后,商业银行持有的合格担保品规模越大,其贷款利率越低,且这一效应随着时间推移逐渐增强。进一步的作用机制检验发现,央行的借贷便利操作扩大了商业银行向中央银行借款规模和贷款投放规模,从而有效降低了商业银行贷款利率,也表明借贷便利工具可通过商业银行合格担保品渠道发挥作用。因此,可以通过调整借贷便利操作规模、操作利率以及合格担保品范围的方式有效影响商业银行贷款利率进而发挥对社会融资成本的调控作用。     

Does bank ownership affect lending behavior? Evidence from the Euro area

We analyze the differences in lending policies across banks characterized by different types of ownership, using micro-level data on Euro area banks during the period 1999–2011 to detect possible variations in bank lending supply responses to changes in monetary policy. Our results identify a general difference between stakeholder and shareholder banks: following a monetary policy contraction, stakeholder banks decrease their loan supply to a lesser extent than shareholder banks. A detailed analysis of the effect among stakeholder banks reveals that cooperative banks continued to smooth the impact of tighter monetary policy on their lending during the crisis period (2008–2011), whereas savings banks did not. Stakeholder banks’ propensity to smooth their lending cycles suggests that their presence in the economy has the potential to reduce credit supply volatility.     

The ties that bind: Bank relationships and small business lending

The importance of bank relationships for small firms’ ability to raise external finance is well-documented, yet the mechanism through which relationships improve access to capital markets has received little empirical attention. This paper uses hand-collected, proprietary data from a mid-sized bank in the United States to identify the channels that strengthen the relationship between a small business and its bank. In contrast to earlier work that focuses on the role of relationships in alleviating information and incentive problems in lending, I find that the source of value in relationship banking is not limited to enhanced monitoring. Exploiting a unique feature of this dataset, I examine two channels of relationship strength that directly measure the stream of non-lending profits generated from (1) the non-credit services cross-sold to the borrower, and (2) the additional bank clients referred by the borrower. I document that non-lending profitability empirically determines the risk-adjusted terms of lending. In models of loan price that already include both the bank’s proprietary risk rating and traditional risk proxies, non-lending profits significantly improve explanatory power and account for up to half of the total explained variation. Conditional on risk profile, a one-standard deviation increase in aggregate non-lending profits lowers the loan interest rate by 32 basis points and increases access to credit by 26%.