Foreign Aid, Infrastructure Development and Welfare: An Intertemporal Analysis

The author examines the welfare implications of foreign aid within the framework of a two-period, two-country model of international trade. It is up to the donor country to decide what fraction of any given aid package is to be made available for the recipient's immediate consumption in period one, and what part should be allocated for investment in infrastructure that expands the recipient's production possibilities in period two. The focus of the analysis is on the conditions under which both countries agree or disagree on the manner in which the aid funds should be divided between the two options.     

对外直接投资与国内产业空心化

本文针对一些西方学者关于美国、日本对外直接投资导致国内产业“空心化”的观点,提出了不同的见解。首先, 第一、第二产业比重下降, 第三产业比重上升是一国产业结构演进的一般规律, 与对外直接投资无关; 其次, 一国的对外直接投资规模巨大与贸易逆差并无直接联系; 第三, 对外直接投资增强了投资者的国际竞争力; 第四, 对外直接投资对一国的就业机会影响甚微。总之, 对外直接投资为投资国和对外直接投资者带来巨大利益, 而不会导致国内产业“空心化     

Foreign Aid,Wage Inequality,and Welfare for a Small Open Economy with Tourism

While the welfare effect of foreign aid has been extensively analyzed, the impact on the distribution of income has received less attention. At the same time, there has been recent work on tourism where it is complementary to aid in improving welfare. By combining these two strands, this paper concentrates on wage inequality in developing countries. We find that an increase in aid in the form of tied aid can lower the relative price of nontraded goods. The rent extracted from tourists declines, reducing welfare of domestic residents. In addition, the fall in the nontradable price can widen the wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Thus, increased foreign aid may have detrimental effects on national welfare and the distribution of income. Rising wage inequality is confirmed by numerical simulations.     

Foreign Aid under Quantitative Restrictions: Welfare Effects and International Factor Mobility

Using a two‐country, general‐equilibrium model of international trade, this paper incorporates pre‐existing quantitative trade restrictions and international factor mobility into the transfer problem analysis. The effects of foreign aid on the welfare of both the donor and recipient nations are identified under each form of quantitative trade restriction: quotas and voluntary export restraints (VERs). In doing so, this paper identifies conditions under which international transfers are strictly Pareto‐improving (i.e. increase global welfare). A central result of this analysis is the direct welfare effect of a transfer received by a nation with quota‐constrained (VER‐constrained) imports is enhanced (may be enhanced) by a worsening of the recipient’s terms of trade.     

The Financing of Foreign Aid and Welfare: Income Versus Consumption Tax

Empirical evidence shows that developed countries use income or consumption taxes to generate tax revenue, of which they transfer a certain fraction as aid to less developed countries. This paper constructs a two-country general equilibrium trade model that takes into account these realities, and examines the terms of trade, employment and welfare effects of international transfers when the donor country increases the fraction of its income or consumption tax revenue transferred as aid. The desirability of each method of aid financing is discussed from the viewpoint of national and world welfare, and conditions are identified under which aid improves world welfare with the one method of financing, and may worsen it with the other.     

Direct Investment, Monopoly and Welfare

This paper considers foreign direct investment which produces a manufactured good entirely for the market of the host country. It analyzes the welfare implications of an expansion of this activity, and compares the results with ones obtained from the model of export processing zones. It is shown that, contrary to the case of EPZs, an expansion of market-oriented direct investment improves welfare under free trade, and if there is an import tariff, the expansion may improve welfare under certain conditions.     

对外直接投资对国内投资的影响——基于中国数据的协整分析

本文就对外直接投资对国内投资的影响问题进行了实证分析,通过协整检验,建立相应的计量模型,得到的结论是:中国对外直接投资对国内投资的替代系数为0.93,即相对于GDP规模,对外直接投资每增加1个百分点,则减少国内投资量0.93个百分点。中国对外直接投资的海外债务融资的杠杆效应以及吸引海外股权参与的程度还比较低,如果这两个方面有较大改善,则中国对外直接投资对国内投资的替代效应还将大大减小。     

Welfare Effects of Foreign Direct Investment: Cost Saving vs. Signaling

We compare the effects of two types of foreign direct investment (FDI) (viz., FDI for trade cost saving and FDI for signaling foreign cost of production) on consumer surplus, profit of the host-country firm and host-country welfare. We show that the effects are dramatically different. If the reason for FDI is to save trade cost, FDI (compared to export) always makes the consumers better off and the host-country producer worse off, while the effect on host-country welfare is ambiguous. However, if the FDI is to signal the foreign cost of production, FDI (compared to export) always makes the host-country producer better off and increases host-country welfare, while it makes the consumers almost always worse off.     

论国内金融市场在“外商直接投资和经济增长”中的传导渠道

21世纪以来有关外商直接投资(FDI)文献着重论述了国内金融市场在“FDI和经济增长”中的作用,弥补了以往FDI文献的空白。在此基础上,文章认为,国内金融市场是通过资本形成、就业增加、技术实现和投资效率提高等渠道诱使FDI促进经济增长的。     

国内外科技投入机制对比研究

21世纪科技发展日新月异,作为提高国家科技创新能力的一种有效投资,科技投入也日益受到世界上许多国家的重视.本文对美、日、德、韩等国家的科技投入现状进行了阐述,总结归纳出国外科技投入具有投资主体多元化、投资方向战略化、注重成果转化、有完善的立法保障以及政策支持等特点.随后,文章结合近十年来的相关数据,从概况、研发投入总量、人力投入、经费来源以及经费支出等角度对我国科技投入的现状进行了分析.通过与国外科技投入情况的对比发现,我国目前科技投入机制在战略、科技投入强度、科技投入渠道以及科技成果转化等方面仍需要进一步完善.最后,文章对我国科技投入机制的完善提出了合理建议,为我国科技工作的可持续发展提供有力支撑.     

技术引入和技术学习——外资企业与内资企业技术空间博弈

外商直接投资对我国造成了怎样的影响?很多研究局限在总体正负外溢效应的争论上,很少有学者关注区域因素和企业行为对外商直接投资技术外溢效应的影响。本文借鉴Wang与Blomstrom的内生理论模型建立思路,把外商直接投资技术外溢放在一个相互作用的系统中,同时引入“距离”因素,更全面地分析外资企业的技术引入行为和内资企业的技术学习行为。     

Foreign Investment,Technology Transfer and Foreign Capital Impact Function

This paper analyzes the optimal capital accumulation of a small open economy by incorporating the impact of technology transfer that accompanies foriegn ivestment. Assuming that technology transfer depends on the extent of foreign ownership, it is shown that, whenever there is technology transfer through foreìgn participation, the optimal rule suggests that a host country maintain some foreign capital in the steady state. The concept of the foreign capital impact function is introduced to capture possible negative effects in addition to the positive effects of foreign investment. The impact of foreign investment is shown to involve an externality, calling for government intervention for a social optimum. [110]     

Foreign Direct Investment, inequality, and growth

This paper examines the interactions between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inequality, and growth, both from an empirical and a theoretical point of view. Using a panel of 119 developing countries, we observe that FDI promotes both inequality and growth, and tends to reduce the share of agriculture to GDP in the recipient country. We then set up a growth model of a dual economy in which the traditional (agricultural) sector uses a diminishing returns technology, while FDI is the engine of growth in the modern (industrial) sector. The main predictions of the model are consistent with the stylized facts observed in the data.     

Foreign Aid and the Business Cycle

This paper documents empirical regularities in the foreign aid flows to developing countries over three decades. In spite of a large body of literature on foreign aid and its impact on recipients, surprisingly little is known about its business cycle characteristics. The authors show that for the vast majority of African recipients, aid flows are a major source of income that is highly volatile and, most importantly, overwhelmingly procyclical. For recipients outside of Africa, there is a similar—if somewhat less pronounced—pattern of aid procyclicality. In contrast, there is little evidence of aid procyclicality with the business cycle of donors. In light of the very high volatility of output in developing countries, the procyclicality of foreign aid flows from the recipients' perspective raises serious questions related to their welfare and growth.     

外商直接投资对浙江省内投资的挤入效应研究

本文建立了衡量挤入、挤出效应的计量模型,利用模型定量地讨论了外商直接投资(FDI)对浙江省国内投资的挤入、挤出效应,得到了外商直接投资对浙江省内投资存在挤入效应的结论,并分析了产生挤入效应的原因.     

外商直接投资对浙江省内投资的挤入效应研究

本文建立了衡量挤入、挤出效应的计量模型，利用模型定量地讨论了外商直接投资（FDI）对浙江省国内投资的挤入、挤出效应，得到了外商直接投资对浙江省内投资存在挤入效应的结论，并分析了产生挤入效应的原因。     

Trade Policy, Foreign Direct Investment, and Convergence

This paper examines the hypothesis that countries which pursue export-promoting (EP) policies are much more likely to converge than countries which pursue import-substituting (IS) policies. The hypothesis is tested statistically in the context of a sample of developing countries which have in the recent past pursued inward-looking or outward-looking or export-promotion (EP) policies. The empirical eviddence supports the hypothesis EP countries converge at approximately 1.9% per annum, while IS countries converge at approximately 0.9% per annum.     

跨国企业投资、政府招商行为与最优引资政策选择

通过构建一个以东道国利益为核心的博弈理论分析模型,从静态与动态两个方面对跨国企业投资与东道国政策选择之间的均衡问题进行了研究.研究结果发现,在其他条件不变的情况下,东道国外资优惠政策的最优水平与资本缺口的大小以及对外资需求的迫切程度成正比,与投资环境的优越程度成反比.因此,对于东道国而言,外资政策应朝向合理、有效且注重优化投资环境的方向发展.