人民币要升值吗？

本文分析了人民币升值压力的由来，认为人民币升值压力的存在是一个客观事实，而近期人民币升值的压力更多地来自政治层面。从国际、国内两个层面讨论了人民币(近期)如果升值可能带来的影响，阐述了人民币升值弊大于利的观点。探讨了我国现行的汇率制度和未来人民币汇率政策取向的问题，并对人民币汇率制度改革的路径提出了建议。     

进出口行业应对人民币升值的对策

分析：基于我国金融市场发展的特定走向,近期乃至较长的一段时期内,人民币汇率走向仍是十分敏感的问题。目前人民币升值压力主要来自于以下几个方面：一是我国多年来的经常项目和资本项目的双顺差导致外汇储备的急剧增加,这是形成人民币升值压力的最直接和最表面的原因;     

从国际收支双顺差看人民币汇率调整

我国巨额外汇储备来自于国际收支双顺差,双顺差要求人民币升值。出于扩大对外经济交往的需要,中国实行变相的贬值政策-保持人民币汇率的大致稳定。双顺差造成诸多恶果,难以为继。改变现状需要人民币汇率作出相应的调整。调整决非单纯不断地升值,而是按照大幅度、低频率的速度,加快改革汇率形成机制、资源性产品和要素价格形成机制的建立。     

浅谈人民币汇率改革

近年来,随着我国出口和外商投资的快速增长,相对应的,在国际收支平衡表上,表现为经常项目和资本项目“双顺差”,在银行间外汇市场上,表现为外汇供大于求,人民币汇率面临着升值的压力。为此,一些西方国家给中国施加压力,迫使人民币汇率升值。针对人民币升值的压力,强调人民币汇率改革重在机制。     

汇率政策适应性调整——人民币汇率适度提幅增频双向浮动

自中国2005年7月人民币升值后，关于人民币升值压力一度有所缓解。而后，由于国际贸易顺差扩大，中国与美国和欧盟的贸易顺差分别为1141．97亿美元（美国方面统计中美贸易顺差为2016亿美元）和701．1亿美元（欧盟方面统计为1200亿美元），因而中国与美国和欧盟等国的贸易摩擦升温，国际社会再次关注人民币汇率问题，美国等国又借口对中国的贸易赤字过大而要求人民币升值。人民币大幅度升值对中国经济的消极影响是显而易见的，而坚持目前的人民币小幅度升值的政策，国外压力又比较大。本文根据中国企业融资偏好和金融体系的特征，提出对中国汇率政策进行适应性调整、实行适度提幅增频双向浮动的汇率政策。这样，既有利于完善人民币汇率形成机制，又可以缓解国际社会要求人民币升值的压力。     

人民币升值的市场压力分析

中国长期以来的经常项目和资本项目双顺差使人民币面临了巨大的升值压力,而中国外汇市场的非市场化没有将这种压力转化为价格的上升。最近两年来,美元的贬值进一步加大了人民币升值的外部压力。中国目前这种汇率形成机制带来了许多弊端,政府应当做的是进一步提高外汇市场的市场化程度,改进人民币汇率的形成机制。     

刍议缓解人民币升值压力的对策

自1999年4月国际货币基金组织正式将人民币汇率制度列为“传统盯住汇率制”以来,人民币由于我国国际收支的持续顺差一直面临升值的压力。2002年12月日本提出人民币升值问题,西方主要发达国家先后加入这一行列。人民币继亚洲金融危机后再次被推向世界经济的风头浪尖。本文尝试从人民币面临升值的缘由与困境方面解释我国现行的人民币汇率政策。     

外汇超额供给的原因及对人民币升值压力的解释

人民币汇率制度同时具有“规模管理”和有限浮动的特征,而不是纯粹意义上有管理的浮动汇率制。在该机制作用下,外汇需求不足,低通胀率使汇率实际贬值,进而形成了双顺差。外汇偏离度的变化则表明“热钱”在大量流入,在双顺差与“热钱”的作用下,外汇供给持续增加,对中央银行货币政策形成现实挑战,使人民币面临巨大升值压力。因此,要降低升值压力,短期措施在于扩大外汇需求和限制外汇供给,长期措施在于改革人民币汇率形成机制。     

破解人民币汇率难题的应对之策——兼评人民币汇率低估论

人民币汇率低估论者以中国存在巨额贸易顺差和用购买力平价估算的汇率为主要依据,认为人民币汇率低估,并以此为人民币升值的重要论据。然而,客观事实充分表明人民币汇率低估是一个伪命题。美国为实施其经济战略必将不断施压人民币升值,人民币汇率争论将在一定时期内继续存在,人民币汇率政策面临着非理性的人民币升值预期与外汇储备高增长压力的严峻挑战。对此,我们必须有清醒的认识,不仅要积极应对近期人民币升值的压力,更要从中长期发展战略的视角来研究和把握人民币汇率问题,破解人民币汇率难题的战略选择是:稳步推进人民币汇率形成机制改革与实施积极人民币汇率政策。     

企业如何应对人民币升值预期

自2001年以来,我国国际收支持续保持巨额顺差和外汇储备大幅度增加,再加上本外币利差由负利差转为正利差,导致套利短期资本大量流入,人民币面临着巨大的升值压力。目前,尽管中国政府一再强调人民币汇率将继续保持稳定,但人民币升值预期已经形成,已形成了人民币升值预期→套利短期资本大量流入→人民币升值预     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.