参与型旅游小镇规划模式研究——以金门金湖镇为例

目前,公众参与已经成为旅游规划界的热点问题.旅游小镇由于其规划尺度小、当地居民根植性强、规划开发与社区发展关系紧密,因此研究中具有显著的代表性和重要的现实意义.本文基于相关文献研究,在小镇空间尺度上,讨论公众参与在旅游规划中的价值和意义,提出参与型旅游小镇规划原则,构建参与型旅游小镇规划的理论模型,提出规划的框架和具体操作步骤,并以金门金湖镇为例,具体分析规划各阶段居民参与的内容、形式,经由个案阐述操作经验得出决策者、规划者、当地居民和其他相关人员在参与型旅游规划步骤中的角色与功能,以期能为具资源潜力的小镇或较大尺度旅游城市的相关规划模式、政策、法令制定提供参考与借鉴.     

The green globe programme: Developing a greener future for travel and tourism

This paper examines the concept of sustainable tourism planning in New Zealand and its relationship to the Resource Management Act. The paper considers the public sector planning responses towards tourism development issues within the context of New Zealand's Resource Management Act, and the ability of these organisations to respond to tourism issues. It argues that the absence of a national vision for tourism is a major constraint on achieving sustainable tourism options at the regional and local level because the Resource Management Act s principles of sustainable planning are not guided by any national policy or strategy. By using a postal questionnaire, the paper provides the first in-depth analysis of planners responses to tourism and their ability to integrate tourism into the planning process within New Zealand. The paper also expands the arguments initially developed by Dredge &; Moore (1992) on the lack of integration in relation to tourism and planning.     

Environmental planning for tourism

It is recognized that tourism and the environment are closely interrelated and planning tourism environmentally is essential. Considerable knowledge and substantial experience have been accumulated in environmental planning for tourism. This article reviews the planning approach of conducting comprehensive environmental analysis including determination of carrying capacities and application of environmentally oriented regional strategies; examines basic principles of planning for tourist facilities and attractions; and emphasizes the importance of maintaining quality and continuously monitoring the environmental impact of tourism. There is need for further research on the impact of tourism, refinement of development policies, wider application of the environmental approach, and greater efforts directed toward achieving implementation of environmentally oriented plans.     

旅游意象图:基于游客感知的旅游景区规划新设想

受启发于"城市意象"理念和图论学说,文章从游客感知出发,提出"旅游意象图"的旅游景区规划设想,认为旅游意象的基本要素包括旅游道路、旅游节点、旅游边界、旅游标识和旅游区域5个方面,旅游意象图的构建过程可分解为旅游意象点→旅游意象线→旅游意象链→旅游意象面→旅游意象图5个基本步骤,指出可从资源类旅游意象、产品类旅游意象、市场类旅游意象3个层面确定具体的旅游意象,并分析了旅游意象调研的4大基本方法:传统问卷调查、绘制心智地图、旅游意象游戏法和旅游意象访谈法。     

Using public participation GIS (PPGIS) on the Geoweb to monitor tourism development preferences

This paper presents a method for identifying and monitoring regional tourism development preferences using an Internet public participation geographic information system (PPGIS). In 2004, a large baseline study of landscape values and development preferences was completed on Kangaroo Island (KI), South Australia, using low technology, paper-map PPGIS. In 2010, we implemented an Internet-based PPGIS monitoring study with the same participants to (1) determine the efficacy of smaller scale monitoring efforts using an Internet-based PPGIS, (2) examine whether residents' tourism development preferences had changed over the last six years and (3) assess the strengths and weaknesses of the PPGIS methodology for identifying changes in tourism development preferences. Since KI is the first international tourism destination to adopt the Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM) for monitoring tourism outcomes, we contrast the PPGIS monitoring method with information from the TOMM process. Our results indicate that tourism development preferences remained relatively stable over the past six years with some small changes on the western reach of the island. We argue that an Internet-based PPGIS method can be an effective tool for tourism development planning and monitoring because the method is place-based, cost-effective and provides tighter coupling with land use planning controls such as zoning.     

Towards Sustainable Tourism Development and Planning in New Zealand: The Public Sector Response Revisited

This paper reports the findings of a monitoring survey of the extent to which principles of sustainability embodied in New Zealand's Resource Management Act have been addressed by public-sector planners dealing with tourism. The survey extends the earlier research by Dymond (1997) and Page and Thorn (1997) on public-sector planning responses to tourism and sustainability in New Zealand. The study shows that many of the issues raised by these authors have not been addressed, and that the scale and pace of change in tourism is such that planners have seen an escalation of resource consent applications.     

中国旅游地理研究：成果应用转化和研究技术革新

旅游的产业属性决定了旅游地理研究的实践性,在服务国家战略和产业实践需求的过程中,中国旅游地理学科呈现出研究领域、方法和应用的新特征。本文围绕旅游规划、旅游资源、旅游大数据和旅游实验方法等进行总结与展望,认为：（1）旅游规划是透视旅游地理研究发展的重要视角,旅游规划的知识域主要包括旅游开发战略与对策、旅游业与旅游企业、乡村旅游与乡村振兴等12个方面;（2）新时代文化和旅游资源普查面临文旅资源保护和整合利用的重大现实需求,为旅游地理研究带来了文旅资源的内涵与分类评价、普查信息集成与应用、普查技术与组织方式等新命题;（3）大数据背景下要求旅游地理探寻新科学问题,重点要关注大数据旅游统计测量模型和指标规则的规范,数据伦理与信息茧房,大数据旅游现象的地理效应和相关空间格局等研究;（4）实验研究方法在认识论层面从描述走向解释预测,在方法论层面从调查走向直接测量,为认识和理解旅游情境下人地关系的核心科学问题提供了“科学化”的研究路径。因此,面对新时代战略要求和旅游业发展趋势,旅游地理学应加强产业实践、研究方法和学科交叉研究,提升学科服务国家战略和社会经济发展的支撑能力。     

Impact evaluation for tourism development using the fuzzy set model: A case study of Kyongju,Korea

The Community tourism industry is primarily influenced by facilities, traffic systems, capacity, and development of tourism commodities. To develop tourism industry on a local basis, it is unavoidable to make investments on a large scale. Factor analysis for impact evaluation prior to undertaking of development projects, which this study intends to make, is more reasonable when related to the fuzzy numeric analysis of words or sentences than to a quantitative analysis of measured information. In this study the Euclidean distance method and Zadeh's fuzzy extension principle were used as linguistic approximation to establish the validity of decision‐ making in each factor category of impact degree. Therefore, this study introduces a general concept of Fuzzy theory through literature review of linguistic expressions. This study examined availability of the Fuzzy model in analyzing investment priorities for tourist development and applied it to Kyongju area, which unveiled the priorities for Kyongju tourism future in order of traffic system improvement, early construction of horse‐ racing track now under planning, promotion of Kyongju as tourism special zone to visitors and positive tourism events. In terms of methodology, this study disclosed that Fuzzy Model approach is greatly useful to decision‐making processes in tourist development.     

Carrying capacity assessment for tourist destinations. Methodology for the creation of synthetic indicators applied in a coastal area

The growth and expansion of tourism is a complex phenomenon and its study requires multiple disciplines. When related to sustainability, the growth limits and carrying capacity of destinations must also be considered. The objective of this article is to develop a methodology to assess the growth limits of tourist destinations, and this method is then applied to the management and planning of an open tourist resort. The limits to growth are established using a mathematical formulation (i.e., multicriteria analyses, based on the reference point methodology) based on synthetic indicators applied to two scenarios: weak and strong sustainability. There are two developments in this type of research. The first is that the application of this method is neither restricted to a natural protected area, which has its own rules and management, nor to an island possessing geographically controlled entry and exit points. Rather, this study focuses on an open coastal area with an economy based on mass tourism. Second, this new way of assessing growth limits uses a flexible formula – adaptable to other coastal areas, e.g., rural, natural, and urban – depending on the impacts generated by the tourism and the objectives specified by destination managers.     

Evaluating the resource costs of tourism

In planning or project appraisal, the methodology and concepts employed by the major international agencies in their project manuals are not always consistent with those employed in the tourism industry itself. This paper shows how we might integrate the concepts used by the project manuals into the analysis of tourism as a development sector.     

旅游度假地规划特点及现有规划设计规程的适用性研究

本文通过对旅游度假地规划特点和现有规划设计规程适用性的研究,论述了旅游度假地规划设计规程研究的紧迫性和重要性,同时提出了旅游度假地规划设计规程的研究框架.     

Scenario writing: A method for long-term tourism forecasting?

This article examines the use and significance of the scenario method with respect to tourism. Futures research has tended to concentrate on shortterm studies but planning for tourism investment and development requires long-term projections of the order of five to 25 years. The tourism environment has become less predictable and a more “activist” approach to the future is required. A classification of scenario types is presented along with several examples. A genuine scenario should comprise: baseline analysis, future images, and connecting future paths which give realistic intermediate images. Consensus on a common methodology must be the next step.     

The iconography of the tourism experience

Guides to tourism planning typically lack a language for dealing with the destination's experiential content. This article argues that tourism planning has as its central challenge the design of effective touristic experiences, and can find conceptual sources for this task in iconography, the field that studies the meanings of images. In search of iconographie principles for tourism design, the article investigates Niagara Falls, still one of the foremost attractions in North America. At Niagara Falls, the article identifies two main compositional elements: staging, which situates a desirable motif (in this case a waterfall) in a stage setting; and thematizing, which links the motif to concepts (like terror or romance) that make it evocative.     

八景文化的旅游学分析

“八景”曾是重要的地域文化景观与地方旅游资源,深受传统文化影响,具有非功利性、山水人文化与人文景观化、审美意境典型性及景观的多元融合等文化特征,并因相沿袭久而起到文化承传的作用.八景又是一种景观(景点)塑造与资源利用文化模式,具有旅游资源开发与保护、旅游宣传与指南等功能.在当今的旅游开发与建设中,八景文化不仅具有资源的意义,而且具有方法论的意义.     

ENGAGING TIMESHARE OWNERS IN TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT: TOURISM PLANNING AND TOURISM MARKETING IMPLICATIONS

It is important to understand tourists' willingness to participate in tourism planning and the factors influencing their willingness because they are an integral part of the destination and ultimately one of the main buyers of the product. Timeshare owners are a special group of tourists who have additional connections with the tourism destination through their timeshare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among timeshare owners' perceptions of tourism planning, civic engagement, sense of place, and willingness to participate in tourism planning.

This study was based on a questionnaire survey of U.S. timeshare owners. The total sample size was 302. A two‐stage structural equation modeling approach was applied in data analysis. Results from the measurement model suggested that the model fit the data quite well. Results from the structural model suggested that timeshare owners' perceptions of tourism planning, their past history of civic participation, and their sense of place significantly impact their willingness to participate in tourism planning, while timeshare owners' past experience in political participation did not significantly affect their willingness to participate in tourism planning. Implications of the findings in tourism planning and tourism destination marketing are presented.     

Consensus policy formulation in tourism: Measuring resident views via survey research

Methods available for the acquisition of data required for the tourism planning process are discussed. A reasonable degree of consensus is needed for long-term success and this can only be achieved where the planners have a thorough knowledge of the views held by the host population. A structured survey of the people of Alberta, Canada, was carried out with a view to developing a methodology capable of providing an operational basis for tourism consensus policy formulation, and of identifying significant differences within the host population. Comprehensive results providing an insight into the residents' views on all aspects of local tourism were obtained.     

Selecting and planning for tourists—the case of Cyprus

While many popular Mediterranean holiday resorts have plumped for mass tourism, encouraging cheap package deals and ‘low- to middle-market’ consumers, Cyprus has gone the other way. A. Andronicou, Director General of the Cyprus Tourist Organisation, discusses why Cyprus has opted to encourage ‘up-market’ tourism and outlines some of the planning principles followed by his organization and practical difficulties encountered.     

Environmental policy integration as a strategy for sustainable tourism planning: issues in implementation

Both in a national and global context, it is challenging to identify key conditions for the integration of sustainable tourism in public policy. By studying a number of recent planning processes pertaining to tourism development, this article aims to contribute recent insight into how sustainability may be integrated into tourism planning. The study was motivated by a publicized shift in the Norwegian government policy strategy on sustainable tourism, from a sector approach to an integration approach. Through case analysis, the concept of environmental policy integration is applied. Findings show that sustainable tourism is partially integrated in all cases and three key issues are outlined. First, although Norway is characterized by a high degree of sector organization, it has a weak structure for overall tourism policy integration. Second, the integration of sustainable tourism has been stimulated by national horizontal integration, bottom-up integration prepared by institutional changes, public participation, and by active use of the municipal system of planning. Third, this study could not find any evidence for the announced shift from a sector approach to an integrated approach to sustainable tourism.     

中国旅游规划30年回顾与展望

旅游规划在中国旅游业发展中的作用日趋明显,面临的挑战日趋增大,要从根本上提高旅游规划水平,必须从最基本的旅游理论及发展机理研究做起,探索旅游发展理念的地域化、空间化、形态化的途径.旅游规划的时代特点突出表现在旅游规划的价值观、旅游规划方法、旅游规划体系与制度、旅游规划职业上,旅游业可持续发展与资源的可持续利用与旅游规划语言的建立是旅游规划科学化、职业化最主要的学术前沿.     

从感性规划向数字规划进军

本文针对我国旅游规划存在的现实问题,提出数字规划的发展构想.论文认为过去20年的发展历程,我国旅游规划在很大程度上属于感性规划,其最大特点是缺少独立的技术手段和独立的理论基础.数字规划是建立在现代信息技术基础上的规划,以数字和图纸为语言,阐述旅游分析与规划思想,使规划具有一种尺度感.数字规划的核心是建立以市场研究为基础的旅游参数、旅游指标体系和策划体系.