试论促进我省农业剩余劳动力转移的相应措施及政策取向

试论促进我省农业剩余劳动力转移的相应措施及政策取向●辽宁省国税局稽查分局副局长孙培山为了使我省农业剩余劳动力转移的指导思想和总体模式能够有效地实行于农村改革发展的客观实践，有力地推动结构优化战略在农村系统的贯彻落实，尚需进一步统一思想，提高认识，斟酌...     

六安市农业剩余劳动力转移的探讨

地处皖西地区的六安市是一个人口大市、农业大市，在农业剩余劳动力转移问题上表现得尤为滞后与迟缓。影响因素主要有转移主体的素质制约、庞大的人口基数、转移过程的社会环境制约等。为加快皖西地区经济发展，促进农业剩余劳动力转移，一是大力开展职业技能培训；二是大力发展乡镇企业；三是加快城镇化的进程：四是加快发展农村第三产业；五是设施制度革新，彻底转移农业剩余劳动力。     

我省农业剩余劳动力转移总体模式分析

为实现农业剩余劳动力适时、适量、有序化转移,需要明确转移的指导思想,确立转移的总体模式。在一定区域内农业剩余劳动力转移总体模式的确立,应当基于农业剩余劳动力转移所面临的客观环境和采取的基本策略。我省农业剩余劳动力转移面临的客观环境和采取的基本策略是: 第一,总人口基数大,非农业人口比例低。农业人口群体庞大,此乃农业剩余劳动力产生的母体(源泉)。到1995年底为止,全省总人口占全国人口总数的3.33％,农业人口与非农业人口的比例(％)为55.49:44.51。因此,按照计划生育的基本国策,严格控制人口——总量,尤其是农业人口的增长,是对我省农业剩余劳动力的产生实行源泉控制的必要措施。     

城市吸纳农民需要制度创新

农业剩余劳动力转移是社会经济发展进程中具有规律性的问题。我国改革开放以来,农业剩余劳动力转移出现了多种形式,具有在我国现有制度下的特殊性。作者在分析其本质特征的基础上,提出了自己的建议设想,欢迎广大有识之士参加讨论。     

农村剩余劳动力转移——思路与对策

农村剩余劳动力的转移是新世纪中国经济社会发展中的重大战略问题。刘易斯和托达罗关于发展中国家消除二元结构的人口流动模型对我国现实农村剩余劳动力转移均有一定的借鉴意义。我国二元社会经济结构存在着一系列制约农村剩余劳动力转移的因素。结合我国现实国情，农村剩余劳动力的转移应选择城乡同时吸纳的模式。户箱制度改革、全方位多层次提高城市化水平以及提高农民素质应是加快农村剩余劳动力转移的政策选择。     

农业劳动力转移的动因:一个模型及其经济学分析

近年来,我国出现了大规模的人口转移现象,主要是农业劳动力从农村迁移到城市.文章在托达罗模型的基础上构建了一个理论模型,结合所构建的模型对目前农业劳动力转移的不同模式加以分析,解释了农业劳动力回流原因,并提出了相关政策建议,用信息经济学的方法对农村剩余劳动力的转移做了分析.     

城市化与农业剩余劳动力的转移

建国以来 ,城市化与农业剩余劳动力的转移的历史进程 ,按其转移的速度和规模及经济效益 ,可划分为两个时期。我国城市化和农业剩余劳动力转移的进程具有以下的特点 :农业剩余劳动力转移的艰巨性 ,城市化严重滞后 ;开创了通过发展乡镇企业吸纳农业剩余劳动力的独特道路 ;开创了以建设小城镇作为转移农业剩余劳动的主要渠道。     

对日本农业劳动力结构变化的分析与思考

农业劳动力向农外产业转移是一国经济发展中必然产生的问题，它在不同程度上反映一国的生产力水平，农业劳动力的转移必将影响农业劳动力结构，在转移中，如何从数量和质量上把握好农业劳动力结构，使之与农业的集约化，现代化水平相适应，是一个值得探讨的问题，本文拟通过对日本劳动力的转移特点及转移后农业劳动力结构出现的问题的分析，提出一些思考性意见。     

中日农民发展之比较——从日本农民发展经验看中国农民的发展出路

中国农民和日本农民在发展上有很多的相似性，但由于国家政策选择不同，导致了农业发展道路不同，产生了不同的农村剩余劳动力转移方式。通过对中日农村剩余劳动力产生的背景、农村剩余劳动力转移的特征、农民受教育状况和农民权益保护等方面的比较分析，借鉴日本的成功经验，寻找中国农民的发展出路，更好地解决中国农村剩余劳动力转移问题。     

农村劳动力转移对安徽省经济发展的若干影响

任何与经济发展有关的政策都会直接或间接地影响农村劳动力转移，而且这一过程又反过来影响经济的发展进程。农业剩余劳动力转向非农产业所带来就业结构变动以及因此而产生的现代经济的推进。农村劳动力的转移和流动就业，可以降低农业生产总成本。农村劳动力的转移不仅会减少单位土地劳动力的绝对量，更重要的可以减少过剩在农业内部的滞存量，减少制约土地集中使用的因素，有利于今后土地的规模化经营。农村劳动力的转移不仅在一定程度上提高了自身劳动力的素质，也有利于形成农业生产无形而巨大的生产能力。农村劳动力的转移不仅提高了农民收入和发展了农村经济，对经济发展的另一个重要贡献是满足了非农产业部门对劳动力的大量需求。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.