Queue control using a historically developed stochastic model

This paper applies a stochastic model to determine the optimal or ideal average planned queue level. The ideal average planned queue level is defined to be the minimum average queue level necessary to ensure that in the long run the probability of work center idle time over a specified planning horizon is no greater than some value α chosen by management. Also discussed is the usefulness of the ideal planned queue level, not only for controlling work-in-process inventories, but also for obtaining better work center lead time estimates.     

Planned or Emergent Strategy Making? Exploring the Formation of Corporate Sustainability Strategies

In strategy research, there is a consensus that strategy making resides on a continuum from planned to emergent where most strategies are made in a mixed way. Different contingency factors have been suggested to explain the factors that influence strategy making. Sustainability research seems to overlook most of this development and assumes instead that sustainability strategies are made in a purely planned way. We contribute to a better understanding of the role of different strategy making modes for sustainability in three ways. First, we point to the bias towards planned strategy formation in sustainability research. Second, we propose a new contingency factor to help explain sustainability strategy making based on the nature of the problem addressed. Third, we discuss strategy making for different types of sustainability problems. We argue that planned strategy making is expected for salient and non‐wicked problems while emergent strategy making is likely for non‐salient and wicked problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

关于可靠性增长试验计划曲线的绘制

计划增长曲线是编制可靠性增长计划的一个重要工具,是确保可靠性增长满足要求的速率进展的一个重要因素。描述了对可靠性增长试验计划曲线绘制方法,包括增长目标确定、计划曲线起始点的确定、增长率确定、总试验时间确定等。     

Why is there a tendency to excess demand in consumer goods markets in planned economies?

In recent discussion of the transition from a planned to a market economy it has been suggested that the queuing costs associated with excess demand represent a deadweight welfare loss. A simple model of the planned economy is developed and used to explain why the planners might choose to permit some degree of excess demand in spite of this deadweight loss.     

Extending the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: a moderated mediation model

This study extended the research on the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention by developing a moderated mediation model. This model posits that the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention is mediated by attitudes toward entrepreneurship and planned entrepreneurial control, and that these mediation processes are further moderated by subjective norms. Based on a sample of 308 valid responses, regression analysis yielded two noteworthy results. First, entrepreneurial self-efficacy positively affects intention through attitudes toward entrepreneurship and planned entrepreneurial control. Second, the direct effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on intention decreases as subjective norms increase. By contrast, the indirect intention effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy through attitudes toward entrepreneurship and planned entrepreneurial control increase as subjective norms increase. In addition, the results indicated that subjective norms positively affect entrepreneurial intention. These findings indicated that the model advances the use of the theory of planned behavior and can be used to define a person as an entrepreneur.     

浅谈法学教育改革与探索

我国长期实行计划经济体制,许多法律、法规仍然是为适应计划经济而制定的,没有体现市场经济体制中的市场调节和竞争机制,与规则相悖;已有的有关市场经济的立法也不够完善,特别是对我国法律和法学教育改革尤为重要和迫切。     

Toward a better understanding of lead times in MRP systems

Lead times in MRP systems represent the planned amount of time allowed for orders to flow through the manufacturing system. Setting lead times is a major issue in the operation of MRP systems. There exists, however, very little documentation on just how lead times should be set.This study examines the effects lead times have on MRP-based manufacturing logistics systems. In particular, it examines the effects that lead times have on backlogs, order tardiness, and finished component inventories.A major finding is that changes to the level of planned lead times have both transient and steady state effects that may not necessarily operate in the same direction. A simple methodology is presented for setting the level of planned lead times when the criterion is finished component inventory.     

模糊类比法在工程造价估算中的应用

工程造价的模糊估算方法是一种应用模糊数学的基本原理,对同一结构体系的拟建工程和已建工程结构方案的相似程序进行定量化对比和研究,从而快速地利用类似已建工程的造价资料估算拟建工程造价的方法。主要介绍该方法基本原理,并通过案例进行验证。     

Developing planned giving at the Salvation Army Southern Territory

The Salvation Army operates internationally and is an evangelical part of the universal church, they provided help to over 30 million individuals in 2008. Their main focus is to build community, provide fellowship, rebuild lives, and provide comfort and support to those in need. They also provide disaster relief, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and activities for the elderly, among many other social services. The international headquarters, the administration centre, is based in London. The Salvation Army USA, based in Virginia, has a national commander and national chief secretary who work to coordinate the national efforts. There are 4 geographical territories, south, east, west and central and each territory is a separately registered nonprofit entity. The southern territory is further divided into 9 divisions and has historically been very successful at planned giving fundraising. Planned giving success had been attributed to the territories personal approach. However, with the noticeable changes in the attitudes of seniors the planned giving has significantly declined in 2008/2009. Seniors, who had been considered the most suitable donor prospects had developed a sense of fear and distrust of the government and the banking system. They were resisting personal meetings with planned giving staff that had been so successful for the Salvation Army. As a consequence the planned giving strategy had to be adapted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inflation and the transition to a mixed economy: Can it work?

This paper reviews a number of possible scenarios for introducing a market element into a centrally planned economy, and analyses the financial relationships between the planned and the market sectors of the resulting mixed economy. It is argued that repressed inflation with some degree of excess demand and administrative price-control, is not neutral, but has distribution effects which greatly ameliorate the financial position of the state in a mixed economy in which the banking sector is still part of the state-controlled sector.     

Hungary on the Road to a Mixed Economy: A Kaleckian Computable General Equilibrium Approach

The change from a centrally planned economy into a market economy is likely to have created a unique situation in economic history. Consequently, no existing economy theory is able to depict the process of transformation. It is argued in this paper that a Kaleckian theoretical approach may provide a starting point for the analysis of the formerly centrally planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe. This approach is applied to Hungary, within the framework of a computable general equilibrium model. A number of policy measures, such as wage constraint, devaluation and mark-up reduction, are considered and their effects on production, inflation and income distribution assessed.     

计划管理在风险企业中的运用

管理是企业的灵魂,计划管理职能是企业管理的五个职能中首要的、最基本的管理职能。计划管理贯彻风险企业始终,才能保障风险企业的“高投资”,控制“高风险”,获得“高收益”。     

豫鲁苏城乡统筹度比较研究——基于共生理论的视角

从共生理论的视角出发,在充分认识城乡统筹发展内涵和共生理论关系的基础上,选择城乡之间共生界面、共生关联和共生协调作为城乡统筹的一级指标,构建城乡统筹度评价指标体系,对河南省、山东省和江苏省城乡统筹状况进行测评和对比分析,并提出了推进河南省城乡统筹发展的对策。     

How do small businesses pursue sustainability? The role of collective agency for integrating planned and emergent strategy making

Research on sustainability strategy in large corporations has shown that carefully planned strategies can address environmental and social concerns. However, we still lack clarity on how small businesses form sustainability strategies. Assuming that small businesses can—or should—carefully plan strategies is inappropriate considering that such organizations often lack the needed resources, foresight, and formalized decision-making structures. Building on the study of two craft breweries in Canada and Germany, we detail how a combination of planned and emergent actions enables owners, employees, and external stakeholders to jointly form strategic sustainability orientation. Developing these findings into an integrated activity-based model, we show the need to move beyond the dichotomy between planned and emergent strategizing. We contribute a human-centered perspective to the sustainability strategy literature and suggest that research should take the role of people in small businesses more seriously as here interpersonal relationships and collective agency are central in forming strategic sustainability orientation.     

Output performance under central planning: a model of poor incentives

Centrally planned economies tend to be less efficient than economies in which agents are free to choose their output targets, as well as the means to meet them. This paper presents a simple model of planner–manager interactions and shows how planned economies can end up in a low-effort, low-output equilibrium even though they may have started in a high-effort, high-output equilibrium.     

Raising planned gifts through a campaign framework: it works but be careful!!

Many years ago, planned giving was characterized as low key and troubled by a lack of closure. Today, planned giving officers are feeling the pressure that all fund raisers face for immediate fund-raising results and more aggressive fund-raising methods.     

Exploring a Regional Technical Efficiency Frontier in the Former USSR

Using 1971–90 panel data from a Siberian province, two econometric methods are used side by side to examine technical inefficiency with a suggestion as to how the methods might be used in sequence. Estimates derived from a random effects method reveal that technical inefficiency is both substantial and not time invariant. Results using either a random or fixed effects method suggest that existing estimates of technical inefficiency in centrally planned economies may be biased downward because of the choice of the estimation method. Using either method, the increasing technical inefficiency found is likely to be one cause of the decline in the performance of centrally planned economies and their regions.     

Helping top management avoid failure during planned change

Managers use a variety of tactics to set directions, to identify ideas, and to implement plans during planned change. Some of these tactics were found to be quite successful, and others have high rates of failure. Failure stemmed from imposing ideas, adopting ideas after a limited search, and using power to implement plans. Managers were far more successful when objectives were set and the need for action made clear at the outset, when an unrestricted search for ideas was carried out, and when participation was used to entice people to go along with the planned change. Suggestions to improve practice are offered as steps to take and steps to avoid during planned change. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

朱兰百年质量生涯概述

综合概述朱兰百年质量生涯的五个阶段和在重要时刻成功的判断、决定和策划,以发现和吸取他在策划个人职业生涯时所显示或者蕴涵的人生智慧。     

A scheme to involve managers in training

This is a plan to allow managers to develop a priority of training needs and the cost/result relationships of the programs planned to meet such needs.