On the Definitions of Income,Expenses and Profit in IFRS

This paper makes two contributions. First, it demonstrates that income and expenses are incorrectly defined in the IASB's conceptual framework, and it proposes alternative definitions. Second, the paper identifies that, in part as a consequence of these incorrect definitions, and in part because there are two, conflicting concepts of profit in IFRS, there is, first, no definition of profit in the Framework and, second, inconsistency and needless complexity in the concept of profit in IAS 1. The issues raised in this paper contribute to the current IASB projects on the conceptual framework and on financial statement presentation.     

Revenue Recognition and EU Endorsement of IFRS

This paper comments on a previous paper in this journal concerning EU endorsement of IFRS. It is suggested here that the previous authors should consider whether there can be more than one true and fair view even in one country and especially across European countries. It is further suggested that the previous analysis of five accounting standards does not support the claim that the European Commission wrongly endorsed them. It is also argued here that the previous analysis of the nature of most gains under IFRS is faulty.     

转轨时期个人所得税收人调节功能的定位

强调经济效率提高的同时兼顾收入结果的适当公平，这是经济转轨时期我国个人所得税对收入分配调节的特定内容。因此，个人所得税收入调控功能的有效发挥必须建立在严密的个人收入监控机制及一定的财政收入基础上，同时科学地设计个人所得税制的相关内容，合理划分税权，强化对高收入者的税收征管．实行多层次、多环节的税收调节也是当前缩小收入分配差距的一项必要措施。     

An evaluation of the impacts of the adoption of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

This paper evaluates the impact of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers on the value relevance of financial reports for Australian listed firms. We find that for most firms the impacts of transition were immaterial, however some firms experienced a significant reduction in earnings and/or retained earnings and for these firms the value relevance of earnings was generally lower in the pre-adoption period compared to firms in which there was no material impact. Post adoption, there is little evidence that the standard improved the relevance of earnings generally.     

Revenue Recognition under IFRS Revisited: Conceptual Models,Current Proposals and Practical Consequences

Since 2002, the FASB and the IASB have been undertaking a joint project on the revision and convergence of US GAAP and IFRS revenue recognition. Even though the outcome of the project is still open, the project's course as well as trends in recently published IFRS and other current IASB projects suggest that existing earnings-based and realisation-based IFRS revenue recognition criteria are likely to be replaced by a radically new approach. This paper demonstrates the inconsistencies in current IFRS revenue recognition that have triggered the project and then presents and discusses three conceptually different revenue recognition models that are internationally debated at present. The paper concludes that a major revision of existing IFRS revenue recognition as proposed by the FASB and the IASB is not required. It is argued that the perceived deficiencies should rather be solved on the basis of current transaction-based IFRS revenue criteria.     

财政收支对居民收入分配的影响与调节

居民可支配收入的八分之一来自财政 据国家统计局《一九九七年中国国民经济核算资料》1997年资金流量表数据:住户部门可支配总收入为73837.12亿元,其中通过政府部门支付给住户部门的劳动者报酬为5493.01亿元,占住户部门可支配总收入的11.O%;通过政府部门向住户部门支付利息575.82亿元,占住户部门可支配总收入的1.1%;通过政府部门向住户部门净转移563.94亿元(具体计算:政府部门向住户部门支付社会保险款1311.76亿元加上政府部门向住户部门转移的社会补助705.58亿元,扣除住户部门向政府部门支付社会保险款1453.4亿元),占住户部门可支配总收入的0.8%.……     

湖南省税收收入与经济增长的相关分析

运用协整检验和误差修正模型,以湖南省1970～2004 年的数据为样本,对湖南省税收收入与经济增长相关性进行的实证分析表明:湖南省经济增长与税收增长基本协调,但是,在湖南省税收收入高增长的同时,也存在税收收入的弹性相对偏低的问题.这一方面说明税务部门征收管理工作的进步,另一方面也说明非税收入的规模过大,挤占了税收增长的空间.为此,应继续加强征收管理;优化收入结构,强化非税收入管理;优化产业布局,大力发展制造业和服务业.     

Relevance of Differences between Net Income based on IFRS and Domestic Standards for European Firms

Net income adjustments resulting from mandatory 2005 IFRS adoption in Europe are value relevant for financial and non‐financial firms. Differences in relevance of the aggregate adjustment and adjustments related to several IFRS standards, for financial and non‐financial firms and across country groups, suggest differences in domestic standards and institutions affect investors’ assessment of the relevance of IFRS accounting amounts. Despite these differences, except for French/German non‐financial firms, investors view net income measured using IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement as more relevant than that measured using domestic standards, which is notable because IAS 39 was highly controversial in Europe.     

论合理科学的聚财之道和当前应采取的治税策略

我国出现了持续不断的财政困难,表现为预算内财政收入占GDP比重年年下降,回升乏力,财政赤字数额越来越大;主要因税外收费泛滥所导致的财政秩序从集中有序向分散无序发展的趋势还难以遏止.要摆脱财政困境,有必要认真探讨科学合理的聚财之道,着眼于当前的财政形势和总需求不足的宏观经济状况,寻求正确的治税策略.     

The real effects of a new accounting standard: the case of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

International Financial Reporting Standard 15 (IFRS 15) Revenue from Contracts with Customers has significantly changed the philosophy of revenue recognition, not only to provide a fairer representation of corporate revenues, but also to inhibit the use of revenues for ‘earnings management’ purposes. We provide a framework to analyse the various effects of new and amended accounting standards. Changes in how companies recognise, measure, present and disclose their revenues (accounting effects) can affect how companies and their transactions are understood, both internally and externally (information effects), can change security prices (capital market effects) and can change how companies operate, and their costs and cash flows (real effects). We provide empirical evidence, based on a review of corporate annual reports, comment letters and interviews, on the effects of IFRS 15. We find evidence of accounting, information and, to a lesser extent, real effects, although, outside a few industries, IFRS 15 has had relatively little impact on the recognition and measurement of revenue.     

税收收入与GDP关系分析

本文的目的在于找出或发现税收收入与GDP增长之间存在的内在联系。由于在研究对象与客观结果之间存在着实现方式或手段的影响,所以必须考虑这种变动因素对结果的影响程度。     

个人所得税地区间汇算清缴方法研究

综合与分类相结合的个人所得税制改变了个人所得税按来源地缴纳和分享的模式。个人综合所得的所得税征收时实行预扣预缴和次年汇算清缴制度。当个人综合所得来源于多个地区时,需要在不同预扣预缴地区间进行汇算清缴。如何在不同收入来源地分配税收成为地区间汇算清缴制度设计的重要关键。本文首次从税收创造和税后收益分配角度,建立了两个税收分配的合作博弈模型。比较分析发现,使用解决"破产问题"的方法都是把地区的所得和总税收作为给定的参数,没有考虑地区所得和税收之间的生成关系和累进税率。我们的研究证明夏普利值作为合作博弈的解,具有公平性、效率性和单调性,是个人所得税地区间分配方式的合适选择。     

On Researching into the Use of IFRS by Private Entities in Europe

There were three important regulatory developments in 2009 for accounting by private entities in Europe, including a new IASB standard designed mainly for private entities. This research note considers the EU regulatory context and other issues relevant to research into voluntary adoption of international standards by private entities in Europe. These are applied as a critical case study of a previously published paper.     

On the Usefulness of Operating Income,Net Income and Comprehensive Income in Explaining Security Returns

This study evaluates the usefulness of three earnings definitions (operating income, net income and comprehensive income) in explaining residual security returns. Usefulness is measured in terms of relative information content and incremental information content. In the former, the goodness-of-fit of the return-earnings relationship is compared under each earnings definition. In the latter, the increase in goodness-of-fit due to additional earnings components is measured. Based on a sample that averages 922 firms a year for 18 years, the analysis shows that operating income weakly dominates net income, and that both operating income and net income dominate comprehensive income, in information content. The results also show that those items that account for the difference between net income and operating income have incremental information content, but not those between net income and comprehensive income. The practical and academic contributions of these findings are discussed.     

Revenue Elasticities in Complex Income Tax Structures: An Application to Spain*

This paper derives analytical expressions for the revenue elasticity of complex income tax systems, as applied to tax units and in aggregate. Among the complexities considered are the schedular nature of income tax systems and the role of central and regional governments, along with the existence of a range of intricate tax credits and eligible expenditures and deductions. Empirical estimates are obtained for the case of Spain using a cross‐sectional data set, which enables a number of important ancillary elasticities (relating to allowances and tax credits, and different income sources) to be estimated. It is found that there is considerable variation among tax units in the revenue elasticity, with highly positively skewed distributions. The nature of the distributions varies among regions of Spain, and the aggregate elasticities for each region were found to display some variation associated with income distribution differences. The national aggregate is found to be around 1.3.     

零基税收计划

长期以来,中国税收计划的编制和分配一直采取"基数×系数+特殊因素"的方法.其中,"基数"主要是上年的税收计划或上年实际完成的税收收入,"系数"主要是根据财政支出需要确定的本年度税收收入增长比例,"特殊因素"主要是有可能造成本年度税收收入大幅度增加或大幅度减少的个别因素.这种以基数为依据编制与分配税收计划的方法比较简便,确定的计划指标也具有较好的连续性和稳定性.     

On the Market Reaction to Revenue and Earnings Surprises

Abstract:  This study extends Ertimur et al. (2003) and Jegadeesh and Livnat (2006a) by providing a contextual framework for the information content of revenue and earnings surprises. I find that the influence of earnings surprises (revenue surprises) on stock returns is lower (higher) in R&D intensive companies. Also, market reaction to earnings surprises is lower in the fourth quarter, and to revenue surprises it is higher in industries with oligopolistic competition. A comprehensive analysis indicates that, in contrast to previous studies for the full sample, in several contexts market reaction to earnings surprises is not higher than to revenue surprises.     

试论我国税收优先权制度的完善

我国的<税收征管法><破产法>等对税收优先权均作了相关规定,但存在法律规定不统一、内容不具体和相关配套措施不健全等问题.应建立统一的税收优先权法律制度,明确其适用的税种、客体范围、税收债权和担保债权优先顺序的时间界限等,进一步完善欠税公告制度和信息交换机制.