年金基金的投资组合：理论、模型与实践

企业年金在我国处于变革和发展的关键时期，未来巨量资金的投资组合问题值得关注。本文回顾了西方养老基金投资领域的研究文献，无论是税收套利模型还是对养老金收益担保公司的看跌期权模型，都不能解释现实。国际经验研究表明，企业年金的投资组合和发起企业的经营活动现金收益率有密切关系。本文提出了一个考虑发起企业的经营活动现金回报率之后的年金组合理论模型，分析了当前我国行业年金、地方企业年金以及保险公司经办年金等三类年金的投资组合情况，并提出了相关政策建议。     

Equity-for-Debt Exchange Offers: Theory, Practice, and Evidence

Studies of investor responses to exchange offer (EO) announcements find a positive relation between abnormal returns and the proposed change in leverage: a result consistent with the performance signaling hypothesis. In this study of equity-for-debt EO announcements, shareholder wealth declines and the relation between Tobin's Q and announcement effects is consistent with the free cash flow hypothesis. There is no pattern of contemporaneous and subsequent performance of EO firms that systematically supports the signaling, income smoothing, or free cash flow hypotheses. We infer that EOs are motivated by sinking fund considerations, rather than signaling or compensation motives.     

利率平滑:理论研究、国外实践及启示

西方各国关于利率平滑的研究在理论成果上十分丰富,这些理论在货币政策操作中的实践也深刻地影响了西方各国货币政策的制定。本文旨在对利率平滑的理论进行研究,并在此基础上剖析西方各国特别是美联储利率平滑操作的实践,从而提出要提高宏观调控意识的前瞻性等对我国货币政策操作的四点启示。     

通货膨胀目标制:理论、实践及其启示——兼论我国房地产市场调控

通货膨胀目标是由官方公开宣布未来一段时间内需要达到的通货膨胀目标或区间,明确承认低的、稳定的通货膨胀率是货币政策的首要长期目标。从长期看,中央银行可以产生系统的影响的惟一宏观经济变量只有通货膨胀率。没有中央银行的默许,通货膨胀就无法扎根。虽然石油价格冲击、持久干旱、升高的税收或者新的政府法令都有可能推动物价指数上升,除非中央银行对此不闻不问,否则,通货膨胀是不可能长久存在的。     

银行业管制与银行风险承担的理论与实践回顾

银行业管制的目的在于降低银行风险承担,控制系统性银行危机.但是20世纪90年代以来银行危机不断,不仅发展中国家,发达国家也经历了大萧条以来最为严厉的银行危机.本研究从银行业管制的实践出发,对银行业管制的基本措施与商业银行风险承担的关系进行了详尽的理论回顾与总结.研究表明监管者构建安全网络以控制系统性银行危机的实践提高了银行的风险承担,而旨在降低银行风险承担的特许权价值、巴塞尔协议提倡的资本要求、监督检查和信息披露等措施也只在某些特定情况下、一定程度上达到效果.     

量化宽松货币政策的理论、实践与影响

全球金融危机已使全球经济陷入衰退,为应对危机各国央行不断降息。随着短期利率接近于零,美、日、英等主要国家的央行转而求助于"量化宽松货币政策",即通过购买长期国债等方式向经济注入巨量的流动性。全球大规模采取量化宽松政策在历史上尚属首次,对世界经济和中国经济都将产生难以估量的影响,对此有必要进行深入的分析。为此,本文在对量化宽松货币政策的理论基础进行分析的基础上,进一步研究了日本量化宽松政策实践的经验与教训及其影响,并提出相应的政策建议。     

量化宽松货币政策的理论、实践与影响

全球金融危机已使全球经济陷入衰退,为应对危机各国央行不断降息.随着短期利率接近零,美、日、英等主要国家的央行转而求助于"量化宽松货币政策",即通过购买长期国债等方式向经济注入巨量的流动性.全球大规模采取量化宽松政策在历史上尚属首次,对世界经济和中国经济都将产生难以估量的影响,对此有必要进行深入的分析.为此,在对量化宽松政策理论基础进行分析的基础上,进一步研究了日本量化宽松政策实践的经验与教训,以及当前量化宽松政策对全球经济的的影响.     

Accounting Practice Harmony, Accounting Regulation and Firm Characteristics

Harmonization of accounting standards has been the subject of many initiatives taken at international, regional and national levels in recent years. Policy makers advancing this idea believe that accounting regulation harmony will lead to practice harmony. The literature in the area of accounting harmonization also generally relies on a similar belief.
Comparing accounting regulations and accounting practices of two countries that are pursuing a program of harmonization, Australia and New Zealand, revealed some association between the levels of regulation harmony and practice harmony. Although this indicates that regulatory harmony can improve practice harmony, the association is 'noisy', suggesting that there are also other factors affecting practice harmony. Evidence adduced here shows that accounting practice harmony is also associated with firm-specific characteristics.     

Enterprise Risk Management: Theory and Practice

The Chief Risk Officer of Nationwide Insurance teams up with a distinguished academic to discuss the benefits and challenges associated with the design and implementation of an enterprise risk management program. The authors begin by arguing that a carefully designed ERM program—one in which all material corporate risks are viewed and managed within a single framework—can be a source of long‐run competitive advantage and value through its effects at both a “macro” or company‐wide level and a “micro” or business‐unit level. At the macro level, ERM enables senior management to identify, measure, and limit to acceptable levels the net exposures faced by the firm. By managing such exposures mainly with the idea of cushioning downside outcomes and protecting the firm's credit rating, ERM helps maintain the firm's access to capital and other resources necessary to implement its strategy and business plan. At the micro level, ERM adds value by ensuring that all material risks are “owned,” and risk‐return tradeoffs carefully evaluated, by operating managers and employees throughout the firm. To this end, business unit managers at Nationwide are required to provide information about major risks associated with all new capital projects—information that can then used by senior management to evaluate the marginal impact of the projects on the firm's total risk. And to encourage operating managers to focus on the risk‐return tradeoffs in their own businesses, Nationwide's periodic performance evaluations of its business units attempt to refl ect their contributions to total risk by assigning risk‐adjusted levels of “imputed” capital on which project managers are expected to earn adequate returns. The second, and by far the larger, part of the article provides an extensive guide to the process and major challenges that arise when implementing ERM, along with an account of Nationwide's approach to dealing with them. Among other issues, the authors discuss how a company should assess its risk “appetite,” measure how much risk it is bearing, and decide which risks to retain and which to transfer to others. Consistent with the principle of comparative advantage it uses to guide such decisions, Nationwide attempts to limit “non‐core” exposures, such as interest rate and equity risk, thereby enlarging the firm's capacity to bear the “information‐intensive, insurance‐ specific” risks at the core of its business and competencies.     

International Transfer Pricing for Business Operations in China: Inducements, Regulation and Practice

This paper provides an empirical analysis of international transfer pricing in the People's Republic of China. The examination of the business environment in China reveals a mixed inducement for transfer pricing decisions by foreign investment enterprises (FIEs). The legislation on transfer pricing in China is similar to that of its major trading partners. Competition among local governments for foreign investment, inadequate resources for tax enforcement, and inadequate documentation by taxpayers hinder tax audits on transfer pricing. An analysis of aggregate import and export data does not support the allegation that, in general, FIEs shift profits out of China by over-pricing their imports and under-pricing their exports. However, there was some evidence of outward income-shifting in certain key sectors.     

Compensation and Incentives: Practice vs. Theory

A thorough understanding of internal incentive structures is critical to developing a viable theory of the firm, since these incentives determine to a large extent how individuals inside an organization behave. Many common features of organizational incentive systems are not easily explained by traditional economic theory—including egalitarian pay systems in which compensation is largely independent of performance, the overwhelming use of promotion-based incentive systems, the absence of up-front fees for jobs and effective bonding contracts, and the general reluctance of employers to fire, penalize, or give poor performance evaluations to employees. Typical explanations for these practices offered by behaviorists and practitioners are distinctly uneconomic—focusing on notions such as fairness, equity, morale, trust, social responsibility, and culture. The challenge to economists is to provide viable economic explanations for these practices or to integrate these alternative notions into the traditional economic model.     

双语教学的课堂实践及思考

双语教学是我国推进高等教育国际化,推进大学教学改革的一项有效举措,其目的是培养既懂专业又懂外语的复合型人才。作者通过双语教学的实践,在本文探讨了对双语教学的理念、授课的方式方法及教学效果评价等问题。     

声誉制度、非正式约束:信用共同体建设的理论与实践——基于天津农村合作银行信用共同体模式的案例研究

作为一种非正式的制度安排,信用共同体在解决银企信息不对称,破解中小企业融资难题方面发挥了重要作用。本文以天津农村合作银行建立的信用共同体为例,介绍了信用共同体的基本模式和特征,并从制度经济学角度加以分析,指出信用共同体的核心是声誉制度,其产生和发展源于我国制度不健全,具有一定的区域性和局部性。从长期看,需要建立更为完善的社会信用体系,才能从根本上解决信息不对称难题。     

科学化管理的理论研究及其在银行的实践与应用

继承管理学关注整体和变化的研究方向,在借鉴前人理论和经验的基础上,从制度和执行力两个方面深入研究,提出了三化、三高、三严科学化管理的概念,并逐步完善成为增强管理的稳定性和持续改善性的理论。     

行为金融:理论及其中国实践

2002年诺贝尔经济学奖的颁发无疑确定了行为金融理论在经济学中的重要地位,并对现代金融理论提出了强有力的挑战.本文在综合国内外研究成果的基础上,着重就其主要内容、实践意义以及在我国证券市场上的实证分析等方面对该理论进行了详细深入的论述,并对其研究前景作出了展望.     

保险业顺周期性与逆周期监管:理论、形成机制与应对策略

本文着重研究了保险业顺周期性的形成机制,提出保险业逆周期监管的一些政策建议,主要包括:对保险业承保业务、准备金计提规则、公允价值会计准则、偿付能力中资本要求和薪酬激励机制等的逆周期监管等.     

Evidence on What CFOs Think About the IPO Process: Practice,Theory, and Managerial Implications

Many privately held companies aspire to go public through an initial public offering. But the IPO process is time‐consuming, expensive, and fraught with uncertainty. With the aim of shedding light on the process and reducing at least some of the uncertainty, the authors asked several hundred CFOs to share their experiences and perceptions with regard to six specific aspects of the IPO process: (1) motives for going public; (2) the timing of IPOs; (3) criteria for choosing an underwriter; (4) cause of IPO underpricing; (5) IPO signaling; and (6) reasons to stay private. The main findings from the survey are summarized below:

• ? The primary motive for going public is to create a currency‐publicly traded shares‐that can be used to fund acquisitions.
• ? CFOs strongly base the timing of their IPOs on overall stock market conditions, while paying relatively little attention to IPO market conditions.
• ? CFOs choose underwriters based on their overall reputation and industry expertise. Somewhat surprisingly, issuers did not express much concern about the underwriter fee structure.
• ? CFOs view underpricing mainly as a means of compensating investors for taking on the risk of IPOs in the after‐market.
• ? The two strongest perceived positive signals for issuer quality are a history of strong earnings and the use of a reputable investment bank. The strongest negative signal is the sale of insider shares in the IPO.
• ? The primary reason for staying private cited by the CFOs of private companies is the desire to maintain decision‐making control.