产业关联和FDI的垂直型外溢——基于中国制造业企业数据的经验研究

本文采用世界银行就中国投资环境调查的企业数据,运用投入产出表构建前向和后向关联指标,研究FDI对中国制造业企业的垂直型技术外溢。研究发现,外商直接投资通过前向关联,对我国的制造业企业产生了正且显著的溢出效应,却没有通过后向关联产生技术外溢。也就是说,上游的外商投资企业通过出售中间品给我国的本地企业,这种前向关联提高了本地企业的生产率,但外资企业并没有通过后向关联提高当地供应商的生产率。进一步研究表明,FDI这两种垂直型的技术外溢,都集中在国有企业,对民营企业均不存在。上述结果分别通过了运用sys-GMM估计和不同子样本选择这两种方法的敏感性检验。因此,我们的估计结果是稳健的。     

FDI技术溢出渠道与中国制造业生产率增长研究:基于面板数据的分析

本文使用基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法分析了中国制造业全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解变量技术进步和技术效率的变化规律;利用制造业内资部门2000~2005年的行业层面板数据,在控制了研发和出口交货值两个变量的基础上,考察了FDI水平关联和前、后关联对全要素生产率及其分解变量的影响。我们发现研发与出口交货值对生产率存在正的影响,FDI总体上对内资企业产生了正向技术溢出效应,而且更多地是由后向关联促进技术进步带来的;前向关联没有产生技术溢出效应;水平关联与前、后向关联技术溢出的实现方式不同,主要通过技术效率渠道促进全要素生产率的提高。分组回归结果表明,FDI技术溢出渠道在技术水平、行业集中度与出口依存度等行业分组指标下存在明显不同的传导机制。     

全球生产网络条件下FDI的技术溢出渠道研究——基于中国制造业行业面板数据的经验分析

本文基于全球生产网络的逐步形成这一独特背景,运用中国制造业2001-2007年的行业面板数据,研究了FDI通过前、后向联系和水平联系等渠道对中国制造业内资企业的技术溢出效应,得出了以下重要结论:(1)只有高强度的国内R&D投入才能促进制造业内资企业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步的提升;(2)在全球生产网络条件下,FDI通过前、后向和水平联系三个渠道对中国整体制造业内资企业产生了技术溢出,提升了全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步的水平;(3)全球生产网络条件下的FDI通过前向溢出渠道提高了高技术行业和低资本劳动比行业的全要素生产率,通过后向溢出渠道提高了低出口外向度行业和高资本劳动比行业的全要素生产率,而通过水平溢出渠道提高了各行业的全要素生产率.     

外商直接投资与我国技术进步——基于关联渠道分析的实证检验

为了检验FDI是否通过三种关联渠道对中国产业的技术进步产生影响,本文首先采用数据包络分析法（DEA）计算曼奎斯特生产率指数,并通过对它进行分解来测度行业的技术进步值以及相对技术效率变化值。然后运用1999．2005年20个工业行业的面板数据（paneldata）进行实证分析,结果表明外商直接投资与本土产业的关联效应是存在的,通过进一步对关联渠道的分析,可以看出行业内厂商间的联系是FDI与本土产业关联的主要方面,其中后向关联效应明显强于前向关联效应;而水平关联效应则不如垂直效应明显,外资企业的参与对本土企业产生了挤出效应。     

FDI溢出效应、环境污染与全要素增长率

本文利用中国28个制造业行业的1999-2008年的相关数据考察了中国制造业产业中FDI水平溢出效应、前向溢出效应和后向溢出效应以及环境污染排放对产业全要素生产率的影响,发现FDI的技术溢出最可能发生在后向联系中,FDI水平溢出效应、前向溢出效应不明显;环境污染不利于产业全要素增长率的提高,FDI水平溢出效应减缓了环境污染对产业生产率的不利影响,而FDI的前向技术溢出与后向技术溢出对环境污染的边际效应不明显;FDI水平溢出效应降低了各环境污染指标的单位销售额排放量,而FDI后向溢出效应增加了各环境污染指标的单位销售额排放量,因此FDI后向技术溢出中有一部分是向上游产业提供了高污染排放技术而提高了产业的全要素生产率.     

外国直接投资对中国企业的溢出效应分析:来自中国第一次全国经济普查数据的报告

FDI企业在中国制造业产品的国内市场、资本形成、劳动市场上的比重越来越高.FDI企业的产品出口已占到中国制造业总出口的60%以上.中国是否以市场换到了技术?我们的研究从三个层次上回答了这个问题:第一,从最粗浅的总生产率相关系数来说,FDI显著地与中国制造业的总生产率正相关.但这种正相关系数显然会过高地估算FDI对中国的技术溢出程度;第二,从FDI与内资企业的总生产率之间的相关系数看,"技术溢出"大为减弱,产业内的外资份额已与内资企业的总生产率不显著相关了,只有港澳台资份额仍与内资企业的总生产率显著正相关;第三,从FDI份额对中国企业缩小与国际先进技术水平之间距离的效果看,外资进入并无显著作用,且外资进入会妨碍内资企业通过研发自主创新而缩小与国际先进水平之间距离的努力;倒是港澳台资进入会显著地缩小内资企业与港澳台资企业在技术水平上的差距,也没有发现由于港澳台资进入而不利于内资企业通过R&D缩小差距的努力投入的证据.     

外商直接投资与东道国产业发展——基于后向关联效应的研究

外商直接投资对东道国产业发展存在催化作用,FDI通过产业关联促进东道国产业升级,经验研究表明其后向关联效应较前向关联效应有更大显著性。本文在跨国公司、东道国上游企业和下游企业三者之间建立理论模型,分析跨国公司直接投资后向关联效应的影响因素,得出影响外商直接投资后向关联效应的一个重要因素是跨国公司与东道国下游企业之间的技术差异。     

服务贸易、结构变迁与服务业全要素生产率——前向关联效应与后向关联效应

本文利用30个省份1997年、2002年、2007年和2012年共计120张投入产出表，结合双边服务贸易数据测算细分种类的服务贸易附加值，并在此基础上研究服务业前向关联和后向关联对全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明：(1)服务贸易可以显著促进服务业全要素生产率提升；前向关联每提高10%，带动服务业TFP上升0.277%；后向关联每提高10%，带动服务业TFP上升0.882%。(2)随着产业结构变迁，服务贸易的后向关联效应依旧可以促进服务业全要素生产率，但是前向关联效应则无法为服务业TFP的增长提供支撑。(3)细分行业后发现，前向关联和后向关联对生产性服务业、消费性服务业和公共服务业的全要素生产率都有显著促进作用，但是结构变迁诱发前后向关联效应对TFP的影响主要体现在生产性服务业。因此，降低服务业准入门槛，发挥服务贸易前后向关联效应，对实现长期稳定经济增长具有重要的政策意义。     

国外FDI行业间溢出效应实证研究综述北大核心CSSCISSCI

外国直接投资(FDI)行业间溢出效应是较行业内溢出效应更具现实意义的研究领域。本文对近几年国外相关文献进行了回顾与分析。结果表明:20世纪90年代对发展中国家与转型经济国家的微观面板研究之所以未能发现FDI生产率正溢出效应的依据,主要原因之一是忽视了前向与后向关联效应。目前的实证结果已经证明了这一点。此外,通过分析这些国外最新文献的研究设计特色,能对今后国内学者开展此项研究有所助益。     

国外FDI行业间溢出效应实证研究综述

外国直接投资(FDI)行业间溢出效应是较行业内溢出效应更具现实意义的研究领域。本文对近几年国外相关文献进行了回顾与分析。结果表明:20世纪90年代对发展中国家与转型经济国家的微观面板研究之所以未能发现FDI生产率正溢出效应的依据,主要原因之一是忽视了前向与后向关联效应。目前的实证结果已经证明了这一点。此外,通过分析这些国外最新文献的研究设计特色,能对今后国内学者开展此项研究有所助益。     

Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).     

吸收能力和贸易政策对FDI技术溢出的影响分析——基于中国工业部门面板数据的实证研究

FDI的技术溢出不是自发产生的,溢出效应受到东道国国内的政策和经济环境的影响,其中两个重要因素是东道国的吸收能力和贸易政策。本文利用工业部门2005—2008年的数据,实证分析了FDI溢出效应。在考虑了前向联系和后向联系中的直接影响和间接影响情况下,检验了FDI横向溢出和纵向溢出,分析了吸收能力和贸易政策对FDI溢出效应的影响。我国的横向溢出和后向溢出不显著,前向溢出显著;吸收能力和贸易政策对外商在华投资的溢出效应产生不利影响。

Abstract：

FDI spillovers are assumed not to be automatic but are hypothesized as being a function of the domestic policies and economic environment in host countries.Two determinants have been generally recognized,the absorptive capability and the trade policy.This paper examines FDI spillovers using the industrial data during the period 2005—2008.Taking the direct and indi-rect effect into forward and backward linkages,both horizontal and vertical FDI spillovers are examined,and the effect of the absorptive capability and the trade policy on FDI spillovers are analyzed.The results show that the spillovers through horizontal spillovers and backward link-ages are insignificant,while positive spillovers through forward linkages are statistically significant.Absorptive capability and trade policy produce unfavorable effects on FDI spillovers.     

Are FDI spillovers regional? Firm-level evidence from China

This paper examines whether spillovers from FDI occur at the national or regional level, using firm-level census data for the Chinese manufacturing industry between 2000 and 2003. We find that FDI provides significant positive spillovers for the productivity of firms in the same industry, but these spillovers are likely to be regional; that is, domestic firms benefit more from the presence of foreign firms in the same sector within the same region. The backward and forward linkage effects of FDI are negative with significant regional disparity. The geographic distribution of FDI also influences spillovers, with an increase in FDI inflow to the top FDI recipient provinces increasing the forward linkage spillovers. Our empirical results also suggest that domestic firms differ significantly in the extent to which they benefit from FDI, though domestic firms with high absorptive capacity are more likely to benefit from FDI.     

Do Chinese domestic firms benefit from FDI inflow?: Evidence of horizontal and vertical spillovers

Using a large panel dataset covering all manufacturing firms (above a minimum scale) in China from 1998 to 2005, this paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (HMT) invested firms generate negative horizontal spillovers, while Non-HMT foreign invested firms (mostly from OECD countries) tend to bring positive horizontal spillovers in China. These two opposing horizontal effects seem to cancel out at the aggregate level. We also find strong and robust vertical spillover effects on both state-owned firms and non-state firms. However, vertical spillover effects from export-oriented FDI are weaker than those from domestic-market-oriented FDI.     

FDI and market entry/exit: Evidence from China

This paper considers the impact of FDI and FDI-related spillovers on the entry and exit rates of domestic firms in mainland China's manufacturing sector. Since we suspect that aggregate results obscure differing effects based on the source of the FDI, we disaggregate FDI into that originating from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (HMT) area and the rest of the world. The empirical analysis, based on 4-digit industry level panel data over the period 2003–2007, reveals that FDI originating from the rest of the world has made a significant contribution to the entry rate of domestic firms in China and the spillover effect arising from backward linkages is also positive and significant. However, FDI originating from HMT area has not encouraged domestic entry, whilst it has contributed to an increase in the exit rate of domestic firms.     

Export spillover from foreign direct investment in China during pre- and post-WTO accession

This study investigates the effects of export spillover from foreign direct investment (FDI) before and after China’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession, with particular consideration of the FDI source country and firm ownership structure. It uses a Chinese manufacturing firm-level panel dataset, for the period 1998–2007. In general, there are no spillover effects among state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This study finds negative horizontal and positive vertical spillovers associated with FDI from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan (HMT) among non-SOEs. Furthermore, non-HMT FDI, which is predominantly from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, have statistically significant positive horizontal and vertical spillover effects on the export performance of private Chinese firms. Positive forward spillovers occurred only after China joined the WTO, while positive backward spillovers existed during both the pre- and post-WTO periods. China’s entry into the WTO intensified the forward linkage of production, implying that greater availability of high-quality inputs produced by non-HMT foreign multinationals benefited the export performance of private domestic firms.     

外商直接投资的行业内与行业间技术溢出——基于中国制造业数据的检验

本文主要研究外商直接投资对我国制造业企业的技术溢出效应,同时考虑了其在行业内和行业间存在的情况。本文选取1999—2005年的行业层面面板数据,通过建立面板数据模型,检验了技术溢出的效果。实证研究的结果表明外商直接投资的水平溢出效应、后向溢出效应显著为正,而前向溢出效果并不明显;行业间的溢出要明显大于行业内的溢出。通过进一步研究,发现溢出效应可能具有非线性,且呈倒U型。即在到达临界点之前,外资进入会带来更多技术溢出;但如果超越这一临界点,更多的FDI流入反而会损害溢出的效果。     

FDI如何影响本地企业出口——来自中国制造业的发现

文章从理论上分析了外资进入影响本地企业出口行为的机制，并在构造外资溢出三类指标的基础上，运用1998-2007年中国制造业企业数据实证检验了外资溢出对本地企业出口参与决策和出口规模的影响。研究表明：（1）外资企业通过行业内水平溢出和行业间前向关联溢出显著促进了本地企业的出口参与决策，并提高了本地企业的出口规模；（2）外资行业间后向关联溢出对本地企业出口参与决策的影响不明显，但扩大了已出口企业的出口规模，控制内生性后结论仍成立；（3）外资进入对本地企业出口行为的影响因外资来源地和本地企业所有制性质的不同而存在显著的差异性。     

Microeconomic mechanisms behind export spillovers from FDI: evidence from Bulgaria

This paper studies how the presence of multinational enterprises affects the export performance of Bulgarian manufacturing firms—export spillovers from FDI. Using export data at the firm/product/destination level for the period 2004–2006, it finds positive forward spillover on export value and quantity, related to quality upgrading. Conversely, it finds negative (or insignificant) backward and horizontal spillover on export flows, related to quality downgrading. When aggregating data at the firm level and considering that a firm can operate in several sectors, the paper shows that the presence of foreign input suppliers allows domestic firms to export additional varieties of lower quality and upgrade the average quality of existing varieties, whereas the presence of foreign customers generates the opposite effect.     

Intra- and Inter-industry Externalities from Foreign Direct Investment in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector: New Evidence from Mexican Regions

This paper presents new empirical evidence on externalities from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in several Mexican regions in the early 1990s. The main findings are threefold. First, the presence of FDI creates negative externalities within industries and positive externalities between industries through backward linkages. Second, FDI-externalities are stimulated by large technological differences between FDI and Mexican firms and by geographic concentration of industries. Third, we identify a substantial level of regional heterogeneity of the externality impact of FDI, in line with the notion that FDI may have contributed to processes of changing regional prosperity under trade liberalization. The findings also imply that maquiladora firms in the border states are generating positive externalities.