中国农业外商直接投资的区位变化及中西部地区吸引外资前景

中国农业外商直接投资的区位分布及其变动趋势,与中国的引资政策导向并不完全一致。本文选取29个省市区、1999-2008年的农业实际利用外商直接投资额作为基本数据,研究农业外商直接投资在中国的区位变化及中西部地区吸引外资前景。研究结果表明,东部地区的农业外商直接投资仍占较大比重,"东高西低"的地区分布格局并未发生根本性改变,但出现了"向中部扩散"的变动趋势,尤其是长江中游地区已成为农业外商直接投资分布的主要地区,而西部地区仍对农业外商直接投资缺乏吸引力。     

外商直接投资的挤入、挤出效应——基于外资不同来源地和中国地区差异的视角

针对当前学者对外商直接投资在中国产生挤入或挤出效应结论的多样化,本文从外资不同来源地和中国地区差异的角度具体到单个制造业行业研究外商直接投资的影响。基于1999～2006年中国31个省市纺织业的面板数据,本文经验分析的结论是:不论是整体外资还是港澳台商直接投资、其他来源地的外商直接投资在中国东部地区都存在挤入效应,在西部地区都存在挤出效应,在中部地区挤入或挤出效应均不明显;其他来源地的外商直接投资在东部地区的挤入效应和西部地区的挤出效应都要大于港澳台商直接投资;按来源地划分的外商直接投资的挤入或挤出效应大小和整体外资也有差别。     

国际R&D溢出渠道的实证研究——来自中国省际面板的经验证据

本文利用2003～2008年中国省区的面板数据,研究了进口贸易、外商直接投资和对外直接投资3条渠道传递的国际R&D对中国的技术溢出效果。研究结果表明,进口贸易和外商直接投资对中国全要素生产率、技术进步和技术效率均无显著的正向促进作用,对外直接投资却显著促进了国内全要素生产率提升和技术进步。分区域的回归结果进一步揭示,对外投资显著促进了东部和中部地区的全要素生产率增长,对西部地区的全要素生产率增长则无显著影响。在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国利用3条渠道的国际R&D溢出促进技术进步和经济发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

FDI在中国的区位选择：1992～2005

采用中国8大外商直接投资(FDI)主要接受地区1992～2005年相关数据,分析FDI区位选择因素以及地区间FDI的竞争问题。结果表明,劳动生产力、产业集聚、教育投入在两层含义上对外商直接投资的区位选择的影响具有显著性;而工资水平、单位劳动成本仅在第一层含义上具有显著影响,在地区间对FDI吸引的竞争含义上影响不显著;另外,市场规模、基础设施在两层含义上对外商直接投资的区位选择影响皆不明显。     

FDI知识溢出效应对中国能源强度的区域性影响

本文运用DEA方法测算出我国东、中、西部三大区域的全要素生产率,并分解为纯技术效率、技术变化和规模效率,以此作为技术进步的代表量,分析各个区域外商直接投资的知识溢出效应及其对当地能源强度的影响。得出的研究结论为:第一、东部地区外商直接投资的知识溢出效应体现在纯技术效率上,中部地区体现在纯技术效率和技术变化上,西部地区体现在技术变化上。第二,东部地区FDI的知识溢出对本地区能源强度的影响不显著,中部地区FDI的知识溢出提高了本地区的能源强度,西部地区FDI的知识溢出能够显著降低能源强度。本文的政策含义是:东、中部地区应该提高引进外资的技术和能耗门槛,提高外商直接投资的知识溢出效应;西部地区要进一步完善市场经济体制,创造良好的市场氛围,吸引更多更好的FDI,并注重眼前利益和长远利益的平衡。     

FDI知识溢出效应对中国能源强度的区域牲影响

本文运用DEA方法测算出我国东、中、西部三大区域的全要素生产率,并分解为纯技术效率、技术变化和规模效率,以此作为技术进步的代表量,分析各个区域外商直接投资的知识溢出效应及其对当地能源强度的影响。得出的研究结论为：第一、东部地区外商直接投资的知识溢出效应体现在纯技术效率上,中部地区体现在纯技术效率和技术变化上,西部地区体现在技术变化上。第二,东部地区FDI的知识溢出对本地区能源强度的影响不显著,中部地区FDI的知识溢出提高了本地区的能源强度,西部地区FDI的知识溢出能够显著降低能源强度。本文的政策含义是：东、中部地区应该提高引进外资的技术和能耗门槛,提高外商直接投资的知识溢出效应;西部地区要进一步完善市场经济体制,创造良好的市场氛围,吸引更多更好的FDI,并注重眼前利益和长远利益的平衡。     

中部地区利用外商直接投资的SWOT分析及战略思考

中部地区在利用外商直接投资的水平、规模等方面远远落后于东部地区。本文针对中部地区利用外商直接投资的现状,以SWOT分析为基础,从中部地区利用外商直接投资的内部条件和外部环境两方面进行了系统分析,提出了中部地区扩大利用外商直接投资应选择的相关战略。     

外商直接投资提升了中国的碳生产率吗?——基于空间面板Durbin模型的经验分析

中国多年来的对外开放政策使得外商直接投资在国内经济发展中的作用日益凸显,然而自身发展的结构性调整和外部减排压力要求我们理清其对碳生产率的影响。文章首先对2000~2012年中国各省区的碳生产率水平进行了测算,在此基础上对碳生产率的空间相关性进行了分析,结果显示中国各省区碳生产率存在显著的空间自相关。进一步的空间面板Durbin模型研究表明,外商直接投资对碳生产率的影响表现出"污染天堂"和"污染光环"两种截然相反的效应,即外商直接投资显著提升了区域内碳生产率,却对邻近地区碳生产率的提升产生了负向效应。地区层面的研究结果也各有差异,外商直接投资对总体碳生产率的提升效应主要来自西部地区的贡献。     

FDI在中国的区位分布及地区之间的联系

中国国内各地区吸收FDI（外商直接投资）会受到国内其他地区的影响。文章使用1991年至2007年中国29个省（区、市）的面板数据,考察了影响直接投资区位分布的因素以及东部地区吸收的FDI是否对中、西部地区吸收FDI产生“挤入效应”。结果表明,东部地区吸收的FDI对中部省份吸收FDI有“挤入效应”,而对西部省（区）没有“挤入效应”;东部地区吸收的FDI对中部省份产生“挤入效应”有一个“门槛”,在越过“门槛”之后,中部省份的生产者服务越发达,则“挤入效应”越明显。     

外商直接投资提升了中国的碳生产率吗?——基于空间面板Durbin模型的经验分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

中国多年来的对外开放政策使得外商直接投资在国内经济发展中的作用日益凸显。然而自身发展的结构性调整和外部减排压力要求我们理清其对碳生产率的影响。文章首先对2000—2012年中国各省区的碳生产率水平进行了测算,在此基础上对碳生产率的空间相关性进行了分析,结果显示中国各省区碳生产率存在显著的空间自相关。进一步的空间面板Durbin模型研究表明,外商直接投资对碳生产率的影响表现出“污染天堂”和“污染光环”两种截然相反的效应,即外商直接投资显著提升了区域内碳生产率,却对邻近地区碳生产率的提升产生了负向效应。地区层面的研究结果也各有差异,外商直接投资对总体碳生产率的提升效应主要来自西部地区的贡献。     

Inward and outward FDI and income inequality: evidence from Europe

This paper examines the effects of inward and outward FDI on income inequality in Europe using panel cointegration techniques and unbalanced panel regressions. Our main result is that both inward FDI and outward FDI have, on average, a negative long-run effect on income inequality. This result is robust to employing alternative estimation methods, controlling for potential outliers, using different measures of FDI and inequality, and changing the period and sample selection. Other findings are: (i) while the long-run effect of inward and outward FDI on income inequality is clearly negative, their short-run effect appears to be positive. (ii) Long-run causality runs in both directions, suggesting that an increase in inward and outward FDI reduces income inequality in the long run, and that, in turn, a reduction in inequality leads to an increase in inward and outward FDI. (iii) There are large cross-country differences in the long-run effects of inward and outward FDI on income inequality; for some countries the long-run effects on income inequality are positive.     

对外开放与我国的收入不平等——基于面板数据的实证研究

本文采用我国1991~2004年的省际面板数据,就收入不平等与对外开放之间的关系进行了实证检验,发现进出口的增加与外商直接投资的大量进入均导致了我国收入不平等程度的提高。以往的研究并没有将进口和出口的影响区分开来,本文分别分析了进口和出口对各地区收入不平等的影响,发现进口能够显著提高各地区的收入不平等程度,而出口能够在一定程度上减少收入不平等。文章最后就对外开放对我国收入不平等产生影响的可能途径进行了探讨,并提出了相关建议。     

Trade openness,FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa

The motivation for this study stems from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN‐SDGs) and their impact by 2030. The UN highlights 17 SDGs that address pertinent local and global issues, one of which—SDG‐10—has been devoted to reducing inequality. This study investigates the nexus between trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI), and income inequality in sub‐Saharan Africa using panel data from 2000 to 2015 and the generalized method of moment (GMM) technique approach. The findings show that FDI and income have a negative, statistically significant relationship with income inequality, signifying that as FDI and income per capita increase, the level of income inequality decreases. However, trade openness, education, political stability, corruption, and rule of law have a positive, statistically significant relationship with inequality. This study, therefore, offers some recommendations that will help policymakers. First, develop good policies to attract more foreign investors, which will contribute to creating employment opportunities in the region. Second, create more infrastructures to provide good quality education. Third, implement a good policy to motivate local production which will contribute to creating jobs. Fourth, build a strong institution(s) to fight against corruption.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality in Southeast Asia: a Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration Analysis, 1990–2013

This paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and income distribution in the host country as measured by the Gini coefficient. After providing some background and reviewing the extant literature, it undertakes a panel unit root and cointegration analysis that tests whether FDI has a non-linear impact on income inequality in seven selected Southeast Asian countries over the period 1990 to 2013. The paper finds strong evidence for panel cointegration using the Pedroni Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. Thus, it proceeds to utilize the group-mean fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) procedure to generate long-run estimates that are unbiased and consistent. The FMOLS estimator is also extremely accurate even in panels with very heterogeneous serial correlation dynamics, fixed effects, and endogenous regressors. The results confirm the hypothesis that FDI inflows tend to raise income inequality in the short run but reduce it in the long run. In this study, the Gini index starts decreasing after FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP reaches 5.6. The fact that the Gini coefficient reaches its maximum at a relatively low level of FDI inflows suggests that sample countries are endowed with substantial absorptive capacity. In other words, they will shift into the new technological paradigm quickly, thus supporting pro-globalization claims that, on balance, FDI is more beneficial than harmful.     

REGIONAL INCOME INEQUALITY IN INDONESIA AND THE INITIAL IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

This paper estimates regional income inequality from 1993 to 1998, using a Theil index based upon district-level GDP and population data. Between 1993 and 1997, when Indonesia's annual average growth rate exceeded 7%, regional income inequality rose significantly. A two-stage nested inequality decomposition analysis indicates this was due mainly to an increase in within-province inequality, especially in Riau, Jakarta and West and East Java. In 1997, the within-province component represented about 50% of regional income inequality. The crisis caused per capita GDP growth to revert to its 1995 level, but the impact was spread unevenly across provinces and districts. In 1998 regional income inequality declined to its 1993-94 level. In contrast to 1993-97, three-quarters of the 1998 decline was due to a change in between-province inequality, with the Java-Bali region playing a prominent role. The crisis appears particularly to have afflicted urban Java and urban Sumatra.     

创新与收入不平等

文章运用1995-2014年中国省际面板数据,从部门内和部门间两个视角,考察总体创新和产业创新水平对收入不平等的影响。实证结果表明不同类型的创新活动对收入不平等产生了不同影响：对于城镇居民收入不平等,总体创新水平和高新技术创新水平具有显著的扩大作用,创新带来了不同收入阶层内部的分化;对于农村居民收入不平等,农业创新水平具有显著的缩小作用,显示出农业创新对农民增收的积极作用;对于城乡收入差距,总体创新水平和农业创新水平具有缩小作用,而高新技术产业创新水平具有显著扩大作用。不仅如此,由于城乡收入差距存在显著的正向空间自相关,总体创新和高新技术产业创新对相邻地区城乡收入差距有显著的扩大作用。     

FDI and the labour market: a review of the evidence and policy implications

This paper presents a series of results concerning the labour-marketimpact of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in the UK.The paper demonstrates that one of the crucial impacts of FDIis to increase wage inequality and the use of relatively moreskilled labour in the domestic firms. This result is found tobe a combination of two effects. First, the entry by a multinationalenterprise (MNE) increases the demand for skilled workers inan industry or region, thus increasing wage inequality. Second,technology spillovers occur from foreign to domestic firms.As a result of these spillovers, relative demand for skilledworkers increases in the domestic firms, further contributingto aggregate wage inequality and skill upgrading. The paperalso considers how FDI impacts upon skill shares by productivitydifferentials between foreign and domestic firms. Finally, thepolicy implications of this are discussed, from the perspectiveof regional development, and the likely effectiveness of attractingFDI to reduce structural unemployment.     

是FDI导致中国经济“冰火两重天”?——基于省级面板数据的检验

FDI被认为是经济高速增长与居民消费严重不足"冰火两重天"式奇特现象的重要答案。本文使用1990～2009年中国省级面板数据进行的实证检验表明,FDI推动中国经济增长的同时也提高了居民人均消费支出,其影响的主要渠道可能是增加当地居民收入和地方政府社保支出份额。文章设想的FDI负向影响居民人均消费支出的社会保障支出份额效应虽然有迹象表明是存在的,但其效应被FDI增加地方政府社保支出份额效应所抵消。文章设想的FDI负向影响居民人均消费支出的收入不平等效应则被证实是不存在的。在此基础上本文得出结论,中国经济"冰火两重天"现象的原因可能需要从经济体系内部寻找,强势政府和要素市场扭曲可能才是根源,FDI流入一定程度上还修正了这种制度的缺陷。     

Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan

Trade liberalization policies have been adopted by many developing countries to increase economic growth and reduce poverty. While the positive relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth is generally well accepted, the impact of trade liberalization on poverty and income inequality is still unclear. The objective of this paper is to use real data and real trade agreements of the state of Pakistan, to examine the predictions made by trade models about the impact of trade liberalization on income inequality. To illustrate, the impacts of several alternative bilateral and regional free trade agreements are simulated on household income and income inequality in Pakistan. The results show that trade liberalization does not always lead to a decline in income inequality in the short run. Trade agreements that do improve income equality, favor agriculture and often hinge on a decline in urban and non-farm household income. In the long run, changes in income equality are more positive, suggesting that efforts might best be applied towards improving the mobility of labor and capital.     

Reducing China's regional disparities: Is there a growth cost?

While China's growth has been spectacular over the past 30 years, it has masked growing underlying disparities in the regional distribution of income with coastal provinces growing at a much faster rate than the rest of the country, exacerbating already marked differences in per capita income. Policy focused on addressing these growing disparities has had to face the possibility that spreading growth more evenly around the country will require a sacrifice of the national growth rate. Yet there is almost no empirical evidence that this is so and, if it is, how big the required sacrifice is. This paper contributes to filling this gap by analyzing the relationship between aggregate growth and the inequality of regional output distribution. We use a VAR model to simulate the effects over time on growth of a reduction in inequality and also the effects on inequality of an increase in growth. We find, first, that in the long run a more equal distribution can be obtained without a growth sacrifice. Second, in the short run a reduction in inequality reduces growth. Third, in the short and long runs an increase in growth actually reduces inequality.