外商投资的技术溢出效应：基于企业特征视角的考察——以江苏为例

引进跨国公司先进技术和管理经验是中国吸收FDI主要目的之一。本文运用1990-2003年江苏制造业数据．实证检验企业外商所有权份额、内外资企业技术差距、内资企业规模及资本密集度与FDI溢出效应的关系，并对回归结果进行分析。结果显示，FDI存在着对内资企业正的溢出效应．但溢出规模并不是在任何情况下总是相等。溢出规模既取决于外商所有权份额、内外资企业技术差距，又与内资企业规模、资本密集度有关。防范外商行业垄断，形成有效的竞争市场；加速内资企业发展．提高对新技术的识别、模仿及自主创新能力；促使内外资企业人员双向流动，能够有效地发挥FDI对中国经济的促进作用。     

内外资企业合作对FDI技术溢出影响的实证研究

本文通过对内外资企业生产及研发合作中技术溢出效应的实证分析,发现内外资企业间的生产与研发合作,是影响FDI技术溢出大小的重要因素之一:在不进行合作研发的条件下,内资企业技术吸收能力的大小会对FDI的技术溢出和行业产量产生影响;而在合作研发条件下,内外资企业合作生产所产生的FDI技术溢出量和行业产量,均比不进行合作生产时要大.在内外资企业生产及研发合作时,外资企业为追求更高收益,会选择与其技术差距更大的内资企业合作,而内资企业则希望通过缩小技术差距获益.因此,可以采取相应措施,促进内外资企业的生产与研发合作,以提高FDI的技术溢出水平.     

技术差距如何影响FDI技术溢出效应?——基于中国制造业面板数据的实证分析

外商直接投资(FDI)技术溢出效应已是研究的热点,目前对溢出效应影响因素的研究正逐步深入,其中内外资企业间的技术差距是一个重要的方面。本文采用数据包络分析(DEA)测算了中国制造业行业层面FDI与本土企业的技术差距,进而采用面板数据以及交互项检验的方法,针对技术差距对FDI水平和垂直技术溢出效应的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明,外资相对国内企业越先进,行业内的国内企业获得水平的技术溢出效应越大,但该获得的后向技术溢出效应则越低。本文的政策启示是,最优的引进外资企业的数量和技术水平取决于行业特征和发展取向。     

FDI技术溢出与汽车产业技术进步：基于吸收能力视角

基于吸收能力视角,从产业以及产业内部不同类型企业两个层面研究了FDI技术溢出与汽车产业技术进步之间的关系,研究发现：FDI对我国整体汽车产业具有显著技术溢出效应,但对内资汽车企业的挤出效应超过了溢出效应;外资汽车企业主要通过人员流动渠道对内资汽车企业产生技术溢出效应;内外资汽车企业技术差距的扩大不利于FDI技术溢出,内资汽车企业人力资本投入有助于FDI技术溢出,而研发投入对FDI技术溢出作用不明显。研究表明,我国汽车产业发展应当走开放创新之路,在引进FDI同时增加研发投入,提高人力资本水平,增强对FDI技术溢出的吸收能力。     

外商直接投资对内资企业技术效率的溢出渠道研究

本文将讨论外商直接投资(FDI)是否能通过各种溢出渠道提高国内企业生产技术效率。为进一步衡量FDI对内资企业生产效率的溢出渠道效应,本文首先运用随机前沿(stochasticfrontier)生产函数,分析1999～2002年中国37个工业行业中内资企业的总体技术效率,并测度出各行业的有效技术效率值;其次运用面板数据(paneldata)回归方法,衡量外商直接投资对国内企业技术效率的溢出效应。     

FDI与中国工业自主创新:基于地区面板数据的实证分析

本文使用我国1998～2005年30个省(直辖市、自治区)的面板数据,通过计量分析的方法研究外商直接投资对我国不同地区的内资工业企业自主创新能力的影响。以专利申请量作为内资工业自主创新能力的衡量指标,本文首次引入了内资工业企业的技术改造经费支出、技术引进经费支出、消化吸收经费支出和购买国内技术经费支出等自变量,分别分析FDI整体、港澳台商投资、外商投资对不同地区的内资工业企业自主创新溢出效应的大小。此外,本文打破传统的按照地理位置划分区域的方法,按照内、外资工业企业技术差距的高低,将我国划分为三个地区,并分析和比较了不同来源地的外商直接投资对三个地区的内资工业企业自主创新溢出效应的差异。     

地域因素、行业特征与FDI的技术溢出效应——基于珠三角地区面板数据的实证研究

本文运用基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法分析珠三角地区1996～2007年28个内资制造行业全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解变量的变化规律,考察了外商直接投资的技术溢出效应与地区经济增长的关系。经研究发现FDI从整体上对内资制造行业产生了正溢出效应,且这种溢出效应主要通过后向关联效应在技术进步方面得以实现。     

FDI技术溢出效应对我国制造业碳排放异质性影响研究

本文将我国制造业内外资企业在全要素生产率分解项下的差距,作为衡量FDI 技术溢出 效应影响内资企业技术进步水平的代理变量,使用GMM 方法分析了FDI 技术溢出效应对于我国 制造业CO2 增速的影响。结果表明受我国制造业异质性的影响,在不同行业分类中FDI 技术溢出 效应对于内资企业全要素生产率分解项的影响存在较大差异,相应的对于我国制造业CO2 增速的 影响也存在差异,为此本文针对我国异质性制造业特征,提出了如何吸收FDI 技术溢出效应以提 升内资企业全要素生产率水平,进而降低CO2 增速的政策建议。     

技术差距会影响FDI的技术溢出效应吗？

本文基于中国制造业2000-2008年的面板数据,研究了FDI的技术溢出效应,研究结果在总体层面上支撑了FDI的正向技术溢出效应。但是,当通过内外资企业的技术差距大小对该面板数据进行筛选分组后,相应的实证研究发现:当内外资企业技术差距较小时,技术溢出效应为正且大于整体层面时的技术溢出效应;当内外资企业技术差距较大时,不存在明显的技术溢出效应。因此,把生产技术提高到一定层次是我国企业获得理想的技术溢出的先决条件。     

外商直接投资行业间技术溢出研究综述

外商直接投资技术溢出发生的机制更有可能是通过行业间而非行业内。文章对国内外相关文献进行了回顾，结果表明：FDI的行业间溢出会受到内外资企业的技术差距、国内企业的出口导向、联系成本、东道国金融市场发展状况等因素的影响。     

Are FDI spillovers regional? Firm-level evidence from China

This paper examines whether spillovers from FDI occur at the national or regional level, using firm-level census data for the Chinese manufacturing industry between 2000 and 2003. We find that FDI provides significant positive spillovers for the productivity of firms in the same industry, but these spillovers are likely to be regional; that is, domestic firms benefit more from the presence of foreign firms in the same sector within the same region. The backward and forward linkage effects of FDI are negative with significant regional disparity. The geographic distribution of FDI also influences spillovers, with an increase in FDI inflow to the top FDI recipient provinces increasing the forward linkage spillovers. Our empirical results also suggest that domestic firms differ significantly in the extent to which they benefit from FDI, though domestic firms with high absorptive capacity are more likely to benefit from FDI.     

Which firms benefit from foreign direct investment? Empirical evidence from Indonesian manufacturing

Despite growing concern regarding the productivity benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI), very few studies have been conducted on the impact of FDI on firm-level technical efficiency. This study helps fill this gap by empirically examining the spillover effects of FDI on the technical efficiency of Indonesian manufacturing firms. A panel data stochastic production frontier (SPF) method is applied to 3318 firms surveyed over the period 1988–2000. The results reveal evidence of positive FDI spillovers on technical efficiency. Interesting differences emerge however when the samples are divided into two efficiency levels. High-efficiency domestic firms receive negative spillovers, in general, while low-efficiency firms gain positive spillovers. These findings justify the hypothesis of efficiency gaps, that the larger is the efficiency gap between domestic and foreign firms the easier the former extracts spillover benefits from the latter.     

Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect the Growth of Local Firms？ The Case of China＇s Electrical and Electronics Industry

Does foreign direct investment(FDI) into developing countries affect the growth of local firms in host countries? Using a dataset of 38 sectors in China’s electrical and electronics industry,in this paper,we analyze whether FDI has a positive effect on local firms,with technology spillovers,added value and increasing total factor productivity,or a negative, market stealing,effect.Estimating the relationship between growth of local firms and investment of foreign firms,our results show that FDI is likely to have a negative impact on the growth of local firms in sectors with large disparities in technology and less experience in business.Therefore,local firms lacking in technology need to find markets with no competition from foreign firms or determine strategies to compensate technology disparities.     

Trade regimes and spillover effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay

Trade Regimes and Spillover Effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay. — This paper examines differences in the character and impact of FDI entering Uruguay during import substitution, pursued until 1973, and the subsequent more outwardoriented trade regime. Regression analysis shows that the labor productivity of local firms is positively related to the presence of older import-substituting MNCs in their industry. The presence of foreign affiliates established after 1973 has no apparent impact on local productivity, but seems to raise the likelihood that local firms engage in exporting. This may be a sign of export spillovers, indicating that local firms may pick up some exportrelated skills from the operations of outward-oriented foreign MNCs.     

Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).     

SOURCES OF PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM FDI IN INDONESIA: IS IT EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OR TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS?

This article investigates the spillover effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on productivity growth in the Indonesian food-processing (ISIC 311) and electrical machinery industries (ISIC 383). Total factor productivity (TFP) growth is decomposed into efficiency change and technological change by using the Malmquist productivity index. The empirical results show that efficiency improvement is the major driver of TFP growth in the food-processing industry, whereas technological progress is the dominant contributor in the electrical machinery industry. There are positive spillovers on efficiency change but negative spillovers on technological change in the food-processing industry. However, FDI spillovers turn out to be negative in efficiency change while positive in technological progress in the electrical machinery industry. These findings demonstrate that different industries experience different sources of productivity gains, which are dependent on the characteristics of firms in the industry.     

FDI研发溢出效应对内资企业劳动生产率影响研究——以广东机动车和电子业为例

本研究比较了FDI研发活动对广东本地机动车和电子企业劳动生产率的影响.在机动车业,FDI和本地组装企业对本地零件供应企业都具有垂直溢出效应;对于水平溢出效应,以销售额为权重的水平溢出效应使得本地内资企业劳动生产率提高,而零件供应业的FDI按照人力资本为权重的水平溢出效应并没有提高本地零件供应企业的劳动生产率,竞争者之间的水平溢出效应与存在互补关系双方的垂直溢出效应相比,相对较弱.对于电子业,垂直溢出效应较小,而无论是以销售额为权重还是以就业人员为权重,电子业的水平溢出效应都不显著.     

Do Chinese domestic firms benefit from FDI inflow?: Evidence of horizontal and vertical spillovers

Using a large panel dataset covering all manufacturing firms (above a minimum scale) in China from 1998 to 2005, this paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan (HMT) invested firms generate negative horizontal spillovers, while Non-HMT foreign invested firms (mostly from OECD countries) tend to bring positive horizontal spillovers in China. These two opposing horizontal effects seem to cancel out at the aggregate level. We also find strong and robust vertical spillover effects on both state-owned firms and non-state firms. However, vertical spillover effects from export-oriented FDI are weaker than those from domestic-market-oriented FDI.     

Technology spillovers from Chinese outward direct investment: The case of Ethiopia

The present study uses firm survey data of 1033 manufacturing firms operating in Ethiopia in 2011 to examine the impact of Chinese outbound direct investment on the productivity of domestic firms. Particularly, we attempt to answer two questions. Firstly, are Chinese-owned (henceforth foreign) firms more productive than local ones? Secondly, does the presence of foreign firms generate technology spillovers on domestic firms operating in the same industry? Our empirical results show that foreign firms are more productive and that their presence has different spillover effects on the productivity of domestic firms. In particular, we find that domestic firms with higher absorptive capacity experience positive spillovers, while those with low absorptive capacity witness negative spillover. We also find that small firms and non-exporting firms benefit more from spillovers than do other types of domestic firms. In this study, instrumental variables are used to address the potential endogeneity between foreign firm presence and domestic firm productivity.     

The Role of the Efficiency Gap for Spillovers from FDI: Evidence from the UK Electronics and Engineering Sectors

This paper focuses on the role of the efficiency gap in determining whether or not domestic firms benefit from productivity spillovers from FDI. We use establishment level data for the period 1980–1992 for the UK. Given that there is substantial heterogeneity of productivity across sectors we focus on two manufacturing sectors in detail, namely, electronics and engineering. We allow for different effects of FDI on establishments located at different quantiles of the productivity distribution by using conditional quantile regression. Overall, while there is some heterogeneity in results across sectors and quantiles, our findings clearly suggest that the efficiency gap matters for productivity spillover benefits. We find evidence for a u-shaped relationship between productivity growth and FDI interacted with the efficiency gap. We also analyse in some detail the impact of changes in relative efficiency on establishments’ ability to benefit from spillovers.