An Analysis of the Structure of Interest Rates in Taiwan: An Application of the Vector ARIMA Model

The structure of interest rates in Taiwan is analysed through the vector ARIMA approach using monthly and quarterly data from 1978 to 1989. These rates are the regulated bank interest rate and unregulated money market interest rates in the formal financial market and the kerb rate in the informal market. The results show that the adjustments in the bank interest rate follow that of the money market interest rate. Furthermore, the time lag has been shortened from one quarter in the early stages of interest rate liberalization in Taiwan to only one month in the later stages. Increases in the money market interest rate might be followed by an increase in the kerb market interest rate because of partial market segmentation. In periods when there is excess supply of funds in the banking sector, an increase in the bank rate might be followed by a decrease of the kerb rate. The interest rates structure of Taiwan is relevant to developing countries which have an informal financial sector.     

Kasgeld en kasbelegging

Summary A restrictive monetary policy in the Netherlands is virtually a policy to adapt the pace of domestic inflation to the pace of inflation abroad. This aim is pursued by limiting the growth of transactions balances in case of a balance of payments deficit. Although in such circumstances the government uses to take recourse to inflationary financing, credit rationing and the rise of interest rates cause investment expenditures to slow down.Transactions balances are, contrary to what Keynes assumed, not completely held in the form of money. Slow components are invested in short term claims, mainly time and savings deposits. In the recent period of credit restriction in the Netherlands short term lending between enterprises has also grown considerably.The present tightness of liquidity in the Netherlands caused the banks to extend the assortment of various kinds of deposits that can be held by their customers. Competition between all financial intermediaries sharpened considerably. The commercial banks were succesful in penetrating the market for savings deposits but they are lagging behind the giro-services and the circulation bank as far as the increase of their demand deposits is concerned.It is not correct, as Albert Hahn did, to consider commercial banks as pure money creating institutions. The amount of their deposits of various nature depends upon how households and firms choose to distribute their financial assets and to what extent the banks, in competition with the other financial intermediaries, can satisfy their wishes.Openbare les, gehouden bij het aanvaarden van het ambt van lector aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op dinsdag 19 december 1967.     

我国频繁调整法定存款准备金率的原因和效果分析

从2003年9月至2012年2月,中国人民银行对法定存款准备金率的调整达到38次之多,其中上调32次,下调6次。中国人民银行频繁上调法定存款准备金率是为了冲销外汇占款引起的流动性过剩,本文认为法定存款准备金率上调对降低货币乘数有一定的作用,从而对货币供给量的增加起到收缩作用。本文最后对我国法定存款准备金率的未来走势进行了分析。     

Why floating exchange rates fall: A reconsideration of the liquidity trap

In the international capital market, interest rates would seem to be natural shock absorbers for balancing currency risk associated with expected inflation or differential taxation. Under a floating exchange rate, however, short-term interest rates in each national money market behave as if caught in a liquidity trap. The problem arises because the domains for national monetary circulation remain somewhat disjoint even though the bond market is fully integrated internationally. The national rate of interest is ncapable of equilibriating the domestic money market on the one hand and the international bond market on the other. The result is excessively high exchange-rate volatility that distorts the flow of international commodity trade and causes cycles of inflation and deflation in open economies.     

美联储量化宽松货币政策实施效果评估与现实借鉴

2008～2011年,美联储推出的两轮量化宽松货币政策(QE)实施效果与预期有较大落差。基于后凯恩斯主义的内生货币理论,由于货币供给来源于经济体的内生需求,因而中央银行无法外生控制货币供应量,也无法简单地通过量化宽松政策刺激银行体系扩大信贷投放,以达到对内提升需求、扩大就业的政策目标,而对外的货币贬值也不必然能有效改善贸易逆差。中国调控经济、应对危机应该弱化汇率制度对国内政策的限制,完善信贷的内生创造机制,有效发挥政府与市场的互动机制确保就业。     

An experiment with multiple currencies: the American monetary system from 1838–60

This paper finds that the combination of state regulated bank notes and deposits acting as the principal form of money and heterogeneous bank laws in the antebellum United States led to a loosely fixed exchange rate system where states were capable of exercising limited independent monetary policy. It finds that bank note circulation and deposits moved differently across the states, and based on narrative evidence, it seems states were aware of their ability to affect the money supply of their economies and that some states did in fact try to change their banking systems to do so.     

中国货币政策的福利损失与政策规则选择——基于新凯恩斯DSGE模型的分析

本文在新凯恩斯主义DSGE模型框架下,运用福利损失函数和脉冲响应方法研究我国最优货币政策规则选择的问题。研究结果表明,货币供应量规则相对于利率规则,使外生冲击对产出和通货膨胀的影响更持久,造成更大的福利损失,因此中央银行的货币政策规则应该逐步从货币供应量规则转向利率规则;在一定条件下,前瞻型利率规则、后顾型利率规则和泰勒规则所造成的福利损失相差不大,从便利的角度出发,中央银行应该选择后顾型利率规则。     

融资成本能评价新型货币政策工具的有效性吗

提升货币政策效果是近年来我国宏观经济调控改革中的重要任务,而如何正确评价货币政策有效性则是这一任务的前提条件。基于此,结合我国经济新变化,文章在经典的CC-LM模型中纳入了新型货币政策工具,从理论上分析了新型货币政策工具对信贷利率与实际产出的传导机制,并应用具有时变参数的TVP-SV-VAR模型进一步检验了理论分析的结论。理论研究与实证检验一致得出：第一,从对实际产出的影响来看,中期借贷便利为代表的新型货币投放方式是有效的;第二,中期借贷便利仅能降低短期信贷利率,而长期将提升信贷利率;第三,中期借贷便利与LPR报价市场的市场化程度提升可强化货币政策有效性。此外,实证研究还表明,依靠中期借贷便利方式投放基础货币会造成吉布逊谜团的现象,因此能否降低融资成本并不能作为评价货币政策有效性的指标。籍此,文章对如何优化新型货币政策有效性提出了富有建设性的政策建议。     

Some Evidence on the Relevance of Bank Behaviour for the Lending Channel in The Netherlands

This paper studies the behaviour of Dutch banks. We test the adjustment of banks' balance sheets in times of monetary policy changes during the period 1957–1991. As a reaction to a policy change, banks basically have two alternatives to adjust their net money creation: (1) sell securities in public capital markets, and/or issue long-term liabilities, and (2) change domestic loan supply. If banks opt for the latter a lending channel may be relevant, even in a small open economy with a fixed exchange rate and a high degree of international capital mobility. We test for the effectiveness of both indirect and direct instruments of monetary policy. It turns out that in case of changes in the official interest rate, the volume of bank loans is not affected and that banks display a kind of buffer-stock behaviour by diminishing their publicly traded assets. In situations with quantity restrictions on the growth of net money creation, however, the volume of loans is affected significantly when the quantity restriction is withdrawn thereby fulfilling a necessary condition for the bank lending channel to be effective.     

国际铸币税收支对我国经济影响的实证分析

人民币国际化使我国获得国际铸币税收入,由于国际收支顺差导致的外汇储备增加又使我国支出国际铸币税,因此,国际铸币税也有一个收支问题.本文在计算我国1996年-2011年国际铸币税收支情况的基础上,运用相关性和回归方法实证分析了我国的国际铸币税收支对我国经济的影响.最后得出：我国的国际铸币税收支对我国的物价水平、利率水平、汇率水平、财政赤字、净出口没有影响,对我国的GDP、货币供给和外汇储备有影响.     

Interest Rate Pass‐Through in Mongolia

This study empirically examines the interest rate pass‐through of the money market interest rate to bank lending and bank deposit interest rates in Mongolia using both linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. The results from the empirical analysis using data from December 2002 to September 2015 suggest that interest rate pass‐through is generally weaker, slower, and asymmetric in Mongolia. The new findings provide evidence that: (i) interest rate pass‐through has improved over time; (ii) the bank deposit rate has a higher long‐run interest rate pass‐through and slower adjustment than the bank lending rate; and (iii) there is a negative long‐run asymmetric pass‐through with respect to the bank lending rate and a positive long‐run asymmetric pass‐through with respect to the bank deposit rate.     

2011年理财方略——把钱放进储蓄罐一样方便的投资计划

发改委：通胀宽容度从3％调高至4％。 2010年12月10日晚七时，人们期待中的央行人民币存款加息，并没有如期而止，只等到了央行再次上调存款准备金率0．5个百分点。于是，人民币负利率时代得以延续。     

Ricardo and Keynes on war finance

Conclusion Ricardo and Keynes were remarkably close on many of the practical problems of war finance, despite their sharp and somewhat polemical difference on the question of whether an over-issue of currency or an excessive aggregate demand was exclusively the cause of inflation. During a war, when both the quantity of money and aggregate demand are excessive, they would both predict inflation. And, they stood together in the fight against the evils of inflation, because it caused a violent and unjust redistribution of income and wealth. They both accepted the obvious fact that wartime expenditures would crowd out private spending, but they denied that this would necessarily affect interest rates. Keynes expected the short-run marginal efficiency of capital to adjust to the rate of interest established by the Bank of England; whereas Ricardo expected the bank rate to adjust to the long-run rate of profit under a regime of full convertibility. Ricardo recognized, however, that the bank could set arbitrarily low nominal rates of interest, even during a period of inflation, if its currency were not convertible. Finally, they both opposed large increases in the national debt and recommended redeeming the debt with a property tax after the end of the war. Would any Classical or Keynesian economists be so bold today? An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the universities of Padua, Venice, Western Ontario, and Saskatchewan.     

基于组织学习障碍的中小企业倒闭成因的研究

真正影响中小企业和小微企业生存与发展的关键因素是融资渠道和银行利率吗?为了证实这个问题,作者选择了杭州北部软件园区及其周边纺织服装集聚区的二类企业进行了比较研究,分析了高新技术企业与一般传统企业主要学习障碍的差异性。作者认为克服组织学习障碍和进行开放式创新是传统中小企业转型升级的关键。     

Demand for cash balances in a cashless economy

We study the demand for cash balances in the year 2050, when people exclusively use debit cards for all transactions. Money no longer serves as a medium of exchange. However, money still retains its roles as unit of account, numeraire and store of value. We capture these roles in a multi-period model with intertemporal uncertainty regarding prices and the interest rate on bonds, the alternative asset. A key result of our analysis is that the standard negative relationship between money demand and the bond interest rate is seen to be part of a larger economic reality encompassing a broader range of empirically testable implications, including the possibility that the relationship may be positive. We develop formal structural restrictions under which the positive relationship between cash balance demand and the bond interest rate is not only a possible outcome, but an explicit prediction of the model.     

Monetary Aggregates Targeting,Inflation Targeting and Inflation Stabilization in Ghana

The central bank of Ghana (BoG) has operated monetary aggregates targeting and inflation targeting since the 1980s, to ensure enhanced output growth, low unemployment and stable, low inflation. Under inflation targeting, the inflation rate averaged 13.26 per cent per annum between 2007 and 2015, compared with 29.22 per cent per annum under monetary aggregates targeting. The relatively lower inflation rates notwithstanding, an average inflation rate of 13.2 per cent per annum is far above the medium‐term target of 8 per cent. This paper has examined the effectiveness of monetary aggregates targeting and inflation targeting in keeping inflation at moderate levels. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was applied to the data covering the period 1970–2015. The results show that monetary targeting has steered inflation to moderate levels only in the short run while inflation targeting has maintained low inflation rates in both short run and long run. But neither regime has kept inflation at stable levels and within the target band, due to the sluggish transmission of broad money supply and prime rate changes to inflation. We implore the monetary authorities to strengthen the institutional setup for steering short‐term interest rates in Ghana. They should also enhance the BoG Act 2002 (Act 612), to develop secondary anchors and rules around output, money supply and fiscal deficit. Finally, the monetary policy committee should monetary policy credibility and transparency through strengthening its communication framework.     

Current Issues in Financial Economics: An Overview

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of a number of contemporary issues in financial economics. The issues analyzed include causes of bank failures, financing of small and medium size enterprise financing, convergence of international equity markets, the importance of CEOs to shareholders, the effects of Accounting Standard 158, the impact of credit cards on aggregate money holdings, and measures of industrial concentration.     

Dual-track interest rates and the conduct of monetary policy in China

China has a dual-track interest-rate system: bank deposit and lending rates are regulated while money and bond rates are market-determined. The central bank also imposes an indicative target, which may not be binding at all times, for total credit in the banking system. We develop and calibrate a theoretical model to illustrate the conduct of monetary policy within the framework of dual-track interest rates and a juxtaposition of price- and quantity-based policy instruments. We show the transmission of monetary policy instruments to market interest rates, which, together with the indicative credit target in the banking system, ultimately are the means by which monetary policy affects the real economy. The model shows that market interest rates are most sensitive to changes in the benchmark deposit interest rates, significantly responsive to changes in the reserve requirements, but not particularly reactive to open market operations. These theoretical results are verified and supported by both linear and GARCH models using daily money and bond market data. Overall, the findings of this study help us to understand why the central bank conducts monetary policy in China the way it does, using a combination of price and quantitative instruments with differing degrees of potency in terms of their influence on the cost of credit.     

资本开放、外汇储备累积与货币政策独立性——中国数据的实证研究

在开放和发展条件下,基于凯恩斯动态货币需求调节方程和Cavoli模型,本文构建了一个包含外汇储备增加的国内市场利率决定模型。对中国2001~2008年月度数据的OLS和TSLS回归结果表明,国际市场利率和外汇储备增加对国内利率影响并不显著,而物价水平、产出和滞后一期的货币供给等变量系数符号不仅与理论预期一致,且检验显著。论文进一步采用了递归的SVAR模型来分析国际利率和外汇储备增加对国内利率的动态冲击效应,脉冲响应函数表明这种动态冲击效应同样十分微弱,说明了中央银行的货币冲销有效性和国内货币政策的独立性。