Evaluating the operational and profitability efficiency of a UAE-based commercial bank

This study investigates the operating and profitability efficiency of 15 branches of UAE-based commercial bank utilising the data envelopment analysis method. The results indicate that efficiency levels among the various branches vary and that there is room for improvement. Profitability efficiency appears to be higher than operational efficiency. Regarding the financial ratios analysis, a consistent effect cannot be obtained and it cannot be determined which branch has an overall position in terms of higher performance. The historical analysis of the branch network performance indicates that management should consider major operational improvement efforts to reduce employees' expenses and other operating expenses combined with an increase in the total loans portfolio. Improvement in both interest and non-interest revenues is required to increase profitability efficiency of the whole branch network.     

The impact of network size on bank branch performance

Despite significant technological innovation in retail banking services delivery, the number of US bank branches has grown steadily over time. Further, more and more of these branches are held by banks with large branch networks. This paper assesses the implications of these developments by examining measures of branch performance and asking how these measure vary across institutions with different branch network sizes. Our findings suggest that banks with mid-sized branch networks may be at a competitive disadvantage in branching activities. We find no systematic relationship between branch network size and overall institutional profitability, perhaps because banking organizations optimize the size of their branch network operations as part of an overall strategy involving both branch-based and non-branch-based activities.     

Efficiency in the Vietnamese banking system: A DEA double bootstrap approach

This study analyses bank efficiency in Vietnam from 1999 to 2009. We use a unique data sample that allows us to capture the development of the Vietnamese banking sector over the last decade. We apply an advanced methodological approach introduced by Simar and Wilson (2007) to examine bank efficiency in Vietnam. An integral part of the analysis is to explore the determinants of bank efficiency. The results indicate that large and very large banks are more efficient than small and medium sized banks with small banks having the lowest efficiency scores in the system. Non-state owned commercial banks are more efficient than state owned commercial banks assuming overall efficiency. We also argue that banks with large branch networks and those that have been in existence for a long time are less efficient than other banks.     

THE EFFECTS OF PRESENTATION FORMAT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF AUDITORS‘ ANALYTICAL REVIEW JUDGMENTS

Modern audit practice has focused increasing attention on the use of analytical review procedures to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of audits. To assist in this endeavour, one branch of analytical review research has investigated the judgment processes that auditors' use in analytical review and the development of decision aids to improve these processes. Several recent papers have considered how alternative presentations of financial and operating data, specifically graphs versus tables, may affect the effectiveness of auditors' analytical review judgments. However, the results have been mixed. This study investigated the expectation that there would be effectiveness and efficiency performance advantages for auditors receiving graphically presented data over those receiving tabular presented data in an analytical review setting. This paper reports on the results of an experiment that examined the impact of graphs versus tables on the effectiveness of sales account balance prediction, confidence in this prediction and the setting of a noninvestigation region, and the relative time efficiency with which these tasks were completed, for an analytical review of sales for a retailing client. The study found mixed results for the accuracy of the sales account balance predictions of the graphical and tabular treatment groups, with no difference found when a regression model estimate of the ‘correct’ prediction was used and greater accuracy for the graphical group when the actual audited sales account balance was used as the accuracy benchmark. No significant differences between treatment groups was found for their confidence in their sales account balance predictions and the width of the noninvestigation regions set. However, a significant time advantage was found for the graphical group. These findings suggest that there may a useful role for the use of graphs as decision aids in income statement related analytical review procedures in improving audit efficiency without sacrificing audit effectiveness.     

Bank Growth Choices and Changes in Market Performance

Changes in bank market performance are compared for banks that choose not to grow, to branch, bank acquire, product expand, or some combination. Using the change in market value‐to‐book value ratios, banks that include acquiring other banks as part of their growth strategy have significant positive changes in performance. Positive performance by bank acquirers is in contrast to many studies, but prior research has not reviewed other growth activities in a single model, nor used market‐based measures to review performance over longer time periods following bank expansion.     

Branch banking network assessment using DEA: A benchmarking analysis—A note

This paper presents a benchmarking analysis of the branches and regional banks of a large French banking group. The analysis focuses on operational performance. Starting from an ‘individual’ diagnosis at branch level, a ‘network’ diagnosis is developed at regional bank level. The aim of the paper is to develop (i) operational performance indicators from the inefficiency score and (ii) a benchmarking procedure adapted to the network structure of the banking group under study. The banking group comprises 1611 branches that form 16 regional groups. The branches operate in six different business environments. A method is therefore required (a) to aggregate the inefficiency scores of individual branches to evaluate the regional groups and (b) to integrate the differences in environment into the evaluation procedure. Inefficiency scores are calculated using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. This is based on the principle of comparison; once identified, the best practices are used to construct the efficiency frontier. Each entity is then positioned relative to that frontier. The model proposed in this paper determines one efficiency frontier for each type of environment. The results reveal that 30% of branches are efficient. Special emphasis is placed on quantifying productivity gains at regional bank level and on practicing intra- and inter-regional bank benchmarking.     

Effectiveness of Stochastic Neural Network for Prediction of Fall or Rise of TOPIX

Stochastic neural network is a hierarchical network of stochastic neurons which emit 0 or 1 with the probability determined by the values of inputs. We have developed an efficient training algorithm so as to maximize the likelihood of such a neural network. This algorithm enables us to apply the stochastic neural network to a practical problem like prediction of fall or rise of Tokyo Stock Price Index (TOPIX). We trained it with the data from 1994 to 1996 and predicted the fall or rise of 1 day ahead of TOPIX for the period from 1997 to 2000. The result is quite promising. The accuracy of the prediction of the stochastic network is the 60.28%, although those of non-stochastic neural network, autoregressive model and GARCH model are 50.02, 51.38 and 57.21%, respectively. However, the stochastic neural network is not so advantageous over other networks or models for prediction of the TOPIX used for training. This means that the stochastic neural network is less over fitting to the training data than others, and results in the best prediction. We will demonstrate how the stochastic neural network learns well non-linear structure behind of the data in comparison to other models or networks, including Generalized Linear model (GLM).JEL codes: D24, L60, 047     

商业银行绩效、效率与市场结构——基于中国1994～2005年的面板数据

本文应用随机边界方法(SFA)测度了中国16家全国性商业银行的X效率和规模效率,并在此基础上针对其经营绩效与市场结构间关系的几种经验假说进行了检验。统计结果显示,样本期内各商业银行的效率情况总体上均不断改善,其中股份制银行的X效率水平普遍高于国有银行,但在减速递增的过程中差距在不断缩小;另一方面,国有银行在规模经济上具有显著优势,并且2002年以来优势还在进一步扩大;最后,关于银行绩效与市场结构关系的四个主要经验假说在中国银行业市场均不适用,中国商业银行部门的成本控制优势在迅速扩大业务规模的过程中并未有效地转化为盈利能力的提高。     

Addressing Financial Inclusion Challenges in Rural Areas from the Financial Services Marketing Employee Emotional Labor Dimension: Evidence from Nigeria

Financial authorities basically regard low financial literacy rate and poor information and communication technology as the major challenges facing financial inclusion drive, particularly among rural dwellers in Nigeria. No study has assessed the cause of low financial inclusion from the financial services marketers’ emotional labor perspective. This quantitative study attempted to close this gap by exploring how emotional labor variables relate to financial services sales performance and job satisfaction among bank marketers. Primary data were collected from 417 bank marketers operating in Edo and Delta States. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the formulated hypotheses. The outcomes show that surface acting has a significant negative effect on financial service sales outcomes and job satisfaction, while deep acting was found to have a significant positive effect on financial service sales outcomes and job satisfaction among bank marketers.

     

An empirical study of bank efficiency in China after WTO accession

This paper documents the technical efficiency of Chinese banks over 1999–2010. With stochastic frontier analysis, we find that Chinese banks are about 18% more efficient in generating lending assets than profits. We also observe an upward trend of bank efficiency after China's entry to WTO in 2001. The improvement of bank efficiency is most prominent for the largest banks with substantial state ownership. We also find that majority state-owned banks are least efficient; well capitalized banks are less efficient; bank efficiency decreases with bank size at the lower end, but banks gain efficiency and realize economies of scale when bank size grows large enough; more fee-generating business reduces efficiency; better management improves efficiency.     

Are Differences in Acquiring Bank Profit Efficiency Priced in Financial Markets?

We analyze 271 bank mergers for 1986–2001 to attempt to determine if differences among acquirers in profit efficiency are priced in financial markets. We find that the acquirer’s pre-merger profit efficiency (as well as its experience in handling other mergers) has positive effects on the wealth of the acquiring bank’s shareholders. We also find that more profit efficient acquiring banks produce lower abnormal returns for the target, suggesting that well managed (i.e., more profit-efficient) banks are less likely to overpay when they enter into a merger agreement. Financial market participants apparently take something akin to the econometric concept of profit efficiency into account when they make decisions about bank stock purchases and sales around merger announcement dates.      

A STOCHASTIC SETTING TO BANK FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE FOR REFINING EFFICIENCY ESTIMATES

This study contributes to develop a framework to measure the financial performance of banks in a stochastic setting. The framework comprises several steps, the first of which is the development of a financial performance measurement model to evaluate a bank's financial performance using a set of factors from the CAMEL (Capital adequacy, Assets, Management Capability, Earning and Liquidity) system. Second, the stochastic setting of the efficiency measurement is handled using the data collection budget allocation approach, whereby Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyse additional generated data and a genetic algorithm is used to refine the accuracy of the efficiency estimates. The results show that the accuracy of the model is greatly improved using the proposed approach. In contrast to the conventional deterministic model, the proposed framework is more useful to managers in determining the bank's future financial operations to improve the overall financial soundness of the bank. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comprehensive analysis of the effects of risk measures on bank efficiency: Evidence from emerging Asian countries

This study investigates the role of risk in determining the cost efficiency of international banks in eight emerging Asian countries. Researchers of this paper consider three distinct risk aspects under a total of eight risk measures: credit risk, operational risk, and market risk. We apply a heteroscedastic stochastic frontier model to estimate bank cost efficiency in our analysis. Additionally, this study analyzes the marginal effects of all risk measures on the inefficiency effect in order to explore a more detailed relationship between risks and efficiency. The empirical results indicate that the risk measures represent significant effects on both the level and variability of bank efficiency. We also find that these effects vary across countries and over time.     

A comparative study of bank efficiency in three Chinese regions: Mainland China,Hong Kong,and Macao

We conduct a bank efficiency comparison among three Chinese regions: Mainland China (CN), Hong Kong (HK), and Macao (MO). Specifically, we investigate the reasons for efficiency differences observed in the three regions from within-region and cross-region perspectives. We show that HK and MO maintain stable bank performance over time that lies within the developed-economy range of efficiency levels. CN used to be well below this range but has been catching up so quickly that efficiency convergence in the three regions seems to be underway. We find that the determinants of bank efficiencies in the three Chinese jurisdictions are similar in some aspects but different in others. Most significant are their similarities in the effects of interest rate differentials, forex reserve accumulations, bank capital positions, interbank financing opportunities, and liquidity mismatch problems. Also important are their differences in the effects of bank size, revenue diversification, government ownership, property, and stock market development.     

The impact of banking regulations on banks' cost and profit efficiency: Cross-country evidence

This paper uses stochastic frontier analysis to provide international evidence on the impact of the regulatory and supervision framework on bank efficiency. Our dataset consists of 2853 observations from 615 publicly quoted commercial banks operating in 74 countries during the period 2000-2004. We investigate the impact of regulations related to the three pillars of Basel II (i.e. capital adequacy requirements, official supervisory power, and market discipline mechanisms), as well as restrictions on bank activities, on cost and profit efficiency of banks, while controlling for other country-specific characteristics. Our results suggest that banking regulations that enhance market discipline and empower the supervisory power of the authorities increase both cost and profit efficiency of banks. In contrast, stricter capital requirements improve cost efficiency but reduce profit efficiency, while restrictions on bank activities have the opposite effect, reducing cost efficiency but improving profit efficiency.     

Risk and efficiency in the Central and Eastern European banking industry under quantile analysis

This paper estimates cost efficiency in the banking industry of 11 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries over the period 1998–2005 using a quantile regression analysis. Our purpose is to investigate for the first time whether cost efficiency in CEE banks differs across quantiles of the conditional distribution. We employ stochastic frontier analysis across quantiles using the Distribution-Free Approach. The reported evidence demonstrates lower efficiency scores for higher conditional distributions. The paper goes further into a second-stage analysis to investigate how risk, measured by non-performing loans and loans loss provisions, affects bank efficiency across quantiles. This second-stage analysis finds that risk asserts a negative impact on cost efficiency, especially in high-order quantiles. Finally, the paper investigates the relationship between bank-specific ‘z’ variables, such as structural reforms, bank concentration and profitability, and cost efficiency across quantiles.     

Does post-crisis restructuring decrease the availability of banking services? The case of Turkey

This study examines the relationship between post-crisis bank consolidation and the number of bank branches in Turkey. Using a unique data set, the analysis addresses several issues related to the impact of market characteristics on branching behavior. The findings suggest that sales of failed institutions by the central authority lead to branch closures in small and uncompetitive markets where the buyer does not have a prior presence. Contrary to popular belief, mergers between healthy institutions do not always cause a decrease in the number of branches; rather, they are shown to increase the availability of banking services in concentrated markets.     

城市商业银行跨区域扩张的收益和风险

本文借鉴CAMEL评级体系的指标设置,从监管的角度对近几年来中国城市商业银行跨区域扩张的收益和风险进行了实证分析。实证结果发现,总行与新设分行之间的距离对其成本有显著的正影响,但对其他方面没有显著的影响;省外新设分行的成本收益率要小于省内新设分行;省内重组的城市商业银行经营绩效比自行新设分行的城市商业银行要差一些。这些...     

Money and Productive Efficiency: Evidence from a High-Inflation Country

This paper examines how money balances held by manufacturing firms affect their efficiency in generating sales revenue in a high-inflation economy. The analysis employs data from Turkish firms to estimate a stochastic frontier model, finding a strong positive association between the firms' money holdings and their efficiency. However, the role of money balances seems to diminish as firms hold higher raw material inventories.     

A novel fuzzy neural approach to data reconstruction and failure prediction

Bank failure prediction is of great importance to a bank's clients, policy-makers and regulators. Various traditional models have been employed to study bank failures. Unfortunately, their performances are unsatisfactory. In this paper, the pseudo-outer product fuzzy neural network using the compositional rule of inference and singleton fuzzifier (POPFNN-CRI(S))-based bank failure prediction model is proposed. It employs computational bank failure analysis techniques coupled with reconstruction of missing financial data in financial covariates that are available from publicly available financial statements as inputs. The performance of the proposed model is assessed through the classification rate of 3636 US banks observed over a 21-year period. The effects of missing data reconstruction are investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.