关于S基金评估方法以及实务重难点的思考

S基金是一款专注于私募股权二级市场的基金,其实质为私募股权二次转让,从2008年金融危机以后开始发展,规模在逐年递增。全球S基金在过去十年间的总交易规模和交易量呈逐年上升的趋势。鉴于私募股权基金二级市场的规模和需求越来越大,在S交易市场中转让的基金份额及股权等如何定价,是困扰很多市场参与方的难题,也是S交易过程中的关键环节。越来越多的私募基金尤其是国资基金在S交易的过程中引入评估机构,但是由于市场尚在早期发展阶段,现时评估机构对私募基金相关份额及股权价值的评估仍然存在不少问题,公允性体现不充分。     

私募基金非上市股权投资估值方法的运用研究

伴随着私募基金的飞速扩张,私募基金的股权投资问题相应凸显。股权估值作为基金运作的关键仍存在许多问题,2018年出具的《私募投资基金非上市股权投资估值指引(试行)》旨在引导私募基金估值向着更加规范化和专业化的方向发展。本文从私募基金非上市股权投资估值的角度出发,搭建能用于私募基金估值的框架,并且从估值目的、估值对象、估值条件及估值价值类型对估值方法进行适用性分析。本文通过梳理私募基金投资非上市股权估值的要素、股权投资估值技术的参数,提出适用于私募基金非上市股权投资估值的分阶段评估的框架,框架通过研究企业所处的生命周期划分为初创期、成长期、成熟期。最后,对私募基金投资非上市公司股权估值方法进行总结并提出建议。     

我国发展私募股权基金的思考

发展私募股权基金可促进金融结构优化、推动企业素质提高.但我国发展私募股权基金还存在许多障碍,我们应从完善有利于私募股权基金发展的法律法规体系、促进创新型企业的发展、完善私募股权基金的退出通道、拓宽私募股权基金资本来源渠道等方面促进我国私募股权基金的发展.     

我国私募股权基金投融资问题研究

私募股权基金对我国经济的推动意义重大.投资选择和融资渠道是私募股权基金面临的首要问题.本文主要写了私募股权基金定义、组织以及运作.探讨了国内目前私募股权基金投融资问题.文章简述了私募股权基金投融资现状及现有的不足,并提出建议.     

私募股权基金促进战略性新兴产业发展研究

战略性新兴产业是我国转变经济发展方式的必然选择,而资金融通是其发展的基础和保障。文章在分析我国战略性新兴产业现有融资途径以及传统的融资手段无法适应创业期的战略性新兴产业发展的基础上,提出私募股权基金是现阶段战略性新兴产业最优的融资手段,文章阐述了私募股权基金培育战略性新兴产业的作用机理及积极效应,然后结合现阶段我国私募股权基金发展现状与存在的问题,从加强政府领导、完善各层次私募股权基金发展和私募股权基金退出机制等方面提出了私募股权基金促进战略性新兴产业发展的思路与对策。     

浅议私募股权基金的监管

本文通过将我国私募股权基金立法同国外私募股权基金监管制度的比较,提出一系列我国未来私募股权基金立法中关于监管制度的建议.     

私募股权基金的价值创造研究

私募股权基金能否创造价值及如何创造价值,是更好发展私募股权基金的前置问题。本文构建了一个私募股权基金价值创造模型,并通过微观和宏观的两个视角,对这一模型进行了探讨。研究发现,私募股权基金能够创造价值,但是并非所有的基金都能够创造价值,其价值创造源于无形资产、资金和好的投资项目的匹配。     

私募股权基金的发展与商业银行经营转型中的机会

私募股权基金作为一种投资工具,在世界上已经有100年的历史了。我国的私募股权基金也已经有20多年的发展历史,但无论从法律和政策环境,还是从发展规模看,还处于起步阶段。未来随着私募股权基金地位的确定,私募股权基金在我国将有一个较大的发展。商业银行正在进行经营     

美国私募股权基金退出机制对我国的启示

改革开放至今,我国私募股权基金募集的资金规模不断扩大,已成为我国中小企业主要的募资来源之一。由于私募股权基金具有循环投资的特性,退出是私募股权投资的核心环节,因此只有建立畅通的退出机制才能为私募股权基金提供持续的流通性和发展性。本文阐述了我国私募股权基金的退出方式及退出机制存在的问题,结合美国的发展经验,提出了完善我国私募股权基金退出机制的相关建议。     

有限合伙制私募股权基金所得税问题研究

随着私募股权基金的发展,由于合伙制可以避免公司制的"双重征税",因此采取合伙制私募股权基金成为私募股权基金主流。然而,我国目前还没有完整的合伙制私募股权基金税收政策体系,因此导致了所得税方面的很多问题。因此,本文主要分析合伙制私募股权基金所得税方面的问题,然后提出完善措施,不仅可以有利于发展税收政策,而且可以带动私募股权基金的正常发展。     

商业银行视角下的私募股权融资研究

中国是一个私募股权融资正在勃兴的巨大市场,私募股权融资不仅有利于我国产业结构的调整、行业的整合,而且可以促进我国多层次资本市场的发展。商业银行特别是大型商业银行为私募股权融资提供服务具备多种优势。商业银行的介入既推动了私募股权融资的发展,也拓展了自身的业务领域,增加了中间业务收入。虽然私募基金和商业银行选择项目都采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,但是它们选择项目的方法论是不同的,前者一般以静止的观点看待企业,而后者则用发展的眼光选择企业,它们选择项目的具体标准存在较大区别。     

对温州式PE的现状、特色和运作方式的思考

在当前宏观调控的大背景下,越来越多的温州民间资金开始进入PE(私募股权投资).PE也正作为资本市场上的一股新的潮流引起各界人士越来越多的关注,同时也带来许多新的问题.本文结合温州民间资本的特点,主要以温州市PE为研究对象,在对目前各种PE进行调查的基础上,分析了温州市PE的现状、特色、运作模式及存在问题,提出了稳步推进和规范发展的政策建议.     

The Evolution of Private Equity Fund Terms Beyond 2 and 20

With the remarkable increases in the assets under management of private equity firms, the standard compensation arrangement of a 2% management fee plus 20% carried interest has raised concerns of a misalignment of interests between limited partners (LPs) and general partners (GPs). Using a proprietary data set that includes detailed fund terms of 210 PE buyout funds with vintage years between 1989 and 2012, the authors summarize the findings of their recent study of the evolution of fund terms. The authors report that PE fund terms have been remarkable mainly for their resistance to change, and that the only important force for bringing about reductions in percentage management fees has been the recent increase in fund sizes. But the modest cuts in management fees that have accompanied the increase in fund sizes have done little to address what appears to be a conflict of interest between LPs and GPs over the optimal PE fund size. As one possible solution to this conflict, the authors analyze a recent innovation by Bain Capital that involves considerably smaller management fees (say, 1%) and larger carried interest (as high as 30%). According to the authors, such terms have a good chance of becoming the new industry standard for two reasons: First, LPs have become increasingly “professionalized,” which has led to greater focus on GP compensation and ways of realigning their interests with LPs'. Second, the “signaling” benefits for those GPs willing to distinguish themselves by offering terms like “1 and 30” could encourage more GPs to move in this direction. In the authors' words, “For all but the most reputable and established PE firms, those GPs that do not offer the new terms may well be seen as signaling little confidence in their ability to do what they're being paid to do: namely, produce above‐market returns.”     

全球私募基金的发展趋势及在中国的前景

私募基金发展已经对全球经济运行和金融市场发展产生了重要影响.本文通过对全球私募基金发展历程、发展特点以及发展趋势的分析,以及对中国私募基金市场发展历史与现状的评价,提出以下观点:在私募基金的演化与国际化扩张进程中,私募基金经营范围的综合化趋势愈加明显;中国私募基金市场仍是一个不对称的畸形市场,市场上尚缺乏真正意义的本土私募股权投资基金.本文同时得出以下结论:由于社会信用环境、法律环境已经趋好,证券市场日趋理性规范发展,中国私募基金市场的"不对称"和"不规范"的色彩将逐步减轻;私募股权投资基金将逐渐成为中国私募基金存在的重要方式.     

Herd behaviour in buyout investments

In this study, we explored the presence of correlated investment choices (i.e., herd behaviour) among international buyout funds by distinguishing among the contemporaneous and the following herding of smaller funds towards the top market players (i.e., the top quartile in terms of the fund size). In our analyses, we found that the industry herding towards the largest ones is common in private equity (PE) but mostly during market contractions or the deterioration of general market conditions. Moreover, we also found that as capital inflows into the PE industry slow down, herding occurs more often. This finding is consistent with the increasing competition for new capital fundraising in downturns, which can induce PE funds to herd more. We also found that both types of herding generate higher fund returns and lower risk for funds that are capable of herding. Additionally, we documented the persistence in herding.     

Contracts and returns in private equity investments

We analyze the relationship between contracts and returns in private equity (PE) investments. Contractual control in the form of covenants tends to be employed to identify good deals. Better quality firms are more likely to have covenant-rich contracts, as they are less concerned by the constraints imposed by the covenants. PE investors appoint closer associates of the fund in deals that are performing poorly but tend to outsource board governance in better deals. Collectively, our evidence suggests that PE investors operate along two dimensions, choosing covenants and board seats differently, based on the ex ante quality of the company.     

Do Corporate Governance Motives Drive Hedge Fund and Private Equity Fund Activities?

We document empirical evidence that both hedge fund (HF) and private equity fund (PE) investments are driven by corporate governance improvements, but address different types of agency conflicts. Whereas HFs focus on firms without a controlling shareholder, in particular family shareholders, PEs invest in firms with low managerial ownership. Both appear to address free cash flow problems differently. Aiming at increasing dividends, HFs tend to use commitment devices that can be implemented over a short horizon. PEs are inclined to longer‐term strategies: they target firms that are particularly well suited for leverage increases because of low expected financial distress costs.     

Benchmarking private equity: The direct alpha method

We propose a simple and intuitive measure of the annualized excess return of investments in private equity (PE) funds, as well as in similar vehicles that hold hard-to-value assets. Our ‘Direct Alpha’ method is well-founded in theory and dominates the existing approaches to convert fund lifetime returns into inputs amenable for portfolio-wide optimization. Existing Public Market Equivalent (PME) approaches are either heuristic or involve significant approximation errors. Using real-world PE fund cash flow data, we juxtapose Direct Alpha against nearly all PME methods that have been in broad use.     

互联网金融模式下的余额理财用户投资行为分析

以余额宝为首的余额理财平台依托大数据技术吸引大量闲散资金,迅速占领了互联网金融理财市场。在技术接受与使用模型(UTAUT)的基础上,增加经济价值和感知风险两个控制变量,构建余额理财用户投资行为的影响因素模型,运用结构方程模型分析影响用户使用余额理财平台的主要因素并对模型进行修正。研究结果表明：用户的绩效期望、社会影响以及经济价值显著影响用户的投资行为意图,用户的努力期望通过绩效期望间接影响用户的投资行为意图,而投资行为意图决定用户的投资行为。     

国际对冲基金监管制度比较研究与启示

对冲基金近年发展迅猛,各国根据本国国情初步建立了监管制度。本文认为应从改进治理结构、强化自律监管,加强市场约束、提高透明度等方面,沿运营流程和主要运营当事人两条线索完善对冲基金现有监管法律制度。在金融市场全面开放背景下,我国应在放开私募管制基础上根据市场和金融产品发展进程推进对冲基金逐步合法化。