Unequal Pay,Unequal Responses? Pay Referents and their Implications for Pay Level Satisfaction

Pay referents are those with whom workers make pay comparisons. The five referents used in this study are: market, organizational, financial, social and historical. Of particular interest is the importance attached to each of these referents and the implications of inequity (under and over) for pay level satisfaction. The study also examines reactions to pay inequity on the basis of union status. The data for the study derive from a survey of 2867 public sector research workers. The study finds that the market referent is the most important to all workers, irrespective of union status; type of inequity (over or under) with this referent has the greatest impact on pay level satisfaction. The paper concludes with an examination of the implications for management, unions and the design of pay systems.     

HR systems,attachment styles with leaders,and the creativity–innovation nexus

The aim of this paper is to bring together literature on strategic human resource management and leadership and theorize about their cross-level interplay. Specifically, we offer propositions in relation to the interactive influence of attachment styles that followers perceive to have developed in their dyadic relationship with their leaders/supervisors and HR systems on individual innovation processes. We narrow in on three leadership attachment styles perceived by employees (secure, anxious, and avoidant) and two opposite HR systems in organizations (compliance and commitment) in order to propose that their interactions have different roles in predicting two different elements of employees' innovative work behavior: idea generation and idea implementation behaviors. Our theorizing results in a conceptual model and a matrix of 12 specific propositions about potentially promoting (complementing or positively supplementing) or inhibiting (in the case of no fit or negative supplement) multiple effects of different combinations of attachment styles and HR systems. We conclude by discussing suggestions for future research, methodological considerations, and practical implications.     

企业技术中心创新管理：基于流程视角的研究框架

创新是企业获取竞争优势的最主要来源，创新管理也是近年来学界广泛研究的议题之一。本文以企业技术中心的创新管理为研究对象，提出流程视角的研究框架，探索从创意到市场的最佳创新管理模式。着重指出创意来源应包括外部大环境视角，行业视角，客户视角和公司视角，并概述创意筛选、转化的原则和模型以及创新项目管理等概念，为企业技术中心提高创新产出提供新视角。     

新商业环境下成本管理模式的思考

本文借鉴成本企划中的“源流管理”思想,提出了成本管理模式构建的新思路,即“将业务流程看作产品,将对成本的注重加入到业务流程的最初设计中去”,使“源流管理”从产品层面提高到了业务流程层面。本文设计的成本管理模式不再是既有业务流程下的管理方法,而成为以顾客为中心、以重构业务流程为手段、以帮助企业获得“双赢”为最终目的的有利战略工具。     

应用现代管理理念构建教学质量保证体系的研究——以本科毕业论文为例

如何保证本科毕业论文质量一直是高校关注的问题。建立本科论文质量保证体系,不仅要吸收流程理念及全面质量管理方法,还要以IT为技术支持,将质量保证融于写作流程,能够在事件发生的第一时间就确保质量,取消对大量事后检查的依靠。     

A theory of the temporary organization

The idea of the firm as an eternal entity possibly came in with the era of industrialism. In any case, the practical consequences of this idea contrast sharply with many ideas about projects and temporary organizations. Mainstream organization theory is based upon the assumption that organizations are or should be permanent; theories on temporary organizational settings (e.g., projects) are much less prevalent. In this article, we address the need for a theory of temporary organizations, thus seeking to supplement traditional project management wisdom. We also suggest some components of such a theory by elaborating on certain ideas about projects. “Action”, as opposed to “decision”, is one such component which is central to a theory of the temporary organization. In some respects we are thus dealing with antipoles, in other respects with concepts similar to those in established mainstream organizational theory. The role of “time” in the firm is different as compared to its role in the temporary organization. The differences have several important implications and we are able to suggest a coherent outline of a theory which we believe could be useful and which also covers several important aspects of temporary organizations.     

信息系统项目的配置管理研究

信息系统项目的建设是复杂的、开放的,文档资料的层出不穷及版本更新频繁,需要一种管理方法对各个过程文档及过程资产进行有效管理,为此,引入了配置管理概念,配置管理是信息系统软件管理中特有的方法。在此基础上,阐述了信息系统项目配置管理的过程框架,提供了配置管理的各个过程及步骤,进一步研究了各个过程的管理方法,分析了配置管理的管理路径,最后简单介绍了几种配置管理工具,从而指导信息化系统过程的规范化、文档化及步骤化,为信息化系统的管理提供了一种新的手段及新的思路。     

Managing the Managers: Japanese Management Strategies in the USA

One of the greatest difficulties Japanese multinationals have had is managing American managers in their US subsidiaries. The reason for this is fundamental and profound: Americans and Japanese conceive of management very differently and have strikingly different conceptions of themselves as managers and of correct management practice.
We do two things in this paper. First, borrowing from social psychology, we explore the idea of the 'management self'. Second, we report our research on management self-conception and style in Japanese-owned factories or 'transplants' in the USA.
The research reports the results of 34 interviews conducted with 19 US and Japanese managers in three electronics transplants. Each factory had adopted different combinations or 'hybridizations' of the management styles of the two countries. The three factories had very different characters. One was dominated by Japanese management practice, another by American practice, and the third was a hybrid of the two styles. We found four factors critical determinants of management style: the nationality of the general manager, a stated preference (or lack thereof) for bicultural management, control over the budget-setting process, and the strength of the Japanese assignees     

The Construction of Risk Management Credibility Within Corporate Boardrooms

Despite various corporate collapses over the last decades, risk management is increasingly influential across organizations worldwide, as if the apparatus’ credibility was impermeable to scandals that, from critical angles, cast doubt on its efficacy. Relying on a cultural perspective of analysis highlighting the range of social processes that protect prevailing institutions’ legitimacy from aberrations, we examined the sense-making approaches employed by corporate boardroom actors to maintain their confidence in the credibility of the risk management apparatus despite being exposed to a continuous flow of corporate failures pointing to risk management efficacy limitations. Specifically, we conducted 35 interviews with corporate board stakeholders, mostly board members and corporate consultants. Our analysis indicates that actors involved in risk management processes tend to interpret aberration cases through perspectives that put the blame on some implementation deficiency, thereby ensuring that risk management's core assumptions are not questioned. These perspectives point to a defensive system of thought grounded in the director and consultancy communities, whose main referents are subject to intense work and re-conceptualization in the aftermath of aberrations, thereby providing community members with the means to make sense of the frictions of organizational life in ways that maintain the legitimacy of the risk management apparatus.     

Managing collaborative ideation: the role of formal and informal appropriability mechanisms

Collaborative ideation is a key practice for innovation. Implementing suitable appropriability mechanisms during this collaborative ideation is a necessary yet difficult task. This difficulty owes to a high level of uncertainty and low level of codification because partners work on loosely defined concepts that may change during the collaboration. Firms can employ several appropriability mechanisms to protect their knowledge. Examples include patents, copyright, legal agreements, document management, lead time, secrecy and complexity. However, the best time to apply each mechanism remains unclear, and few empirical studies have explored this issue. This study is based on exploratory case studies of three manufacturing firms. The goal is to identify which appropriability mechanisms are pertinent at each phase of collaborative ideation and how they influence the effectiveness of protection. The results of the analysis lead to the development of a model describing the managerial practices that influence the effectiveness of protection. The results also lead to a set of research propositions to define when each appropriability mechanism is most likely to be used. Overall, this research contributes to the discussion of how to integrate formal and informal appropriability mechanisms for safe collaborative ideation.

     

浅议企业财务管理遇到的问题及加强财务管理的措施

企业管理要以财务管理为核心,是通过价值形态对企业资金运动的一项综合性的管理。要建立现代化企业制度,就对企业财务管理提出了更高、更迫切的要求。如何更有效的达到成本控制目标,管理观念和管理方法是不可忽视的重要方面。在现代经济社会,财务管理直接关系到企业的生存与发展,从某种意义上说,加强财务管理是企业可持续发展的一个重要关键。我们应站在企业战略的高度,从全过程的成本控制入手,把财务管理目标推向一个新阶段,这是企业目前财务管理中的一项重要工作目标。     

Two are Better Than One: The Link Between Management Systems and Business Performance

Little is known about the complementary performance benefits associated with facilities’ combined use of both quality management systems (QMSs) and environmental management systems (EMSs), and how these performance benefits might differ from those associated with facilities’ use of only one of these management systems (or neither). We suggest that complementarities arise because each management system fosters the development of internal capabilities that facilitates the adoption and routine operationalization of the other, while maintaining differentiated goals that enhance strategic value. We examine these relationships using a sample of 2619 manufacturing facilities operating within six OECD countries, while controlling for self‐selection issues. Our findings support the idea of complementarity, in that facilities that adopt both QMS and EMS are more associated with positive business performance than facilities that adopt either a QMS or an EMS on its own, or no management system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

南宁供电局物资管理信息化研究

文章介绍了南宁供电局物资管理信息化研究的成果,即信息系统的管理思想、设计思路、开发方法、系统功能、设许过程和应用情况等,并以南宁供电局的物资管理信息系统成功开发和应用加以验证。物资管理研究及系统设计基于简单管理思想及价值工程理论。该系统开发成本低、时间短,简单实用,而且运行可靠、高效,查询方便,可扩展和易维护,满足国家扩大内需,南方电网公司加快城市电网改造和农村电网建设物资业务量剧增背景下的物资管理需要,为同类企业的物资管理信息系统的开发提供了非常实用的经验,为建设南方电网、广西电网公司的物资管理信息系统奠定了坚实的基础。     

What is Organizational Knowledge?

Organizational knowledge is much talked about but little understood. In this paper we set out to conceptualize organizational knowledge and explore its implications for knowledge management. We take on board Polanyi’s insight concerning the personal character of knowledge and fuse it with Wittgenstein’s insight that all knowledge is, in a fundamental way, collective. We do this in order to show, on the one hand, how individuals appropriate knowledge and expand their knowledge repertoires, and, on the other hand, how knowledge, in organized contexts, becomes organizational. Our claim is that knowledge is the individual capability to draw distinctions, within a domain of action, based on an appreciation of context or theory, or both. Organizational knowledge is the capability members of an organization have developed to draw distinctions in the process of carrying out their work, in particular concrete contexts, by enacting sets of generalizations whose application depends on historically evolved collective understandings. Following our theoretical exploration of organizational knowledge, we report the findings of a case study carried out at a call centre in Panafon, in Greece. Finally, we explore the implications of our argument by focusing on the links between knowledge and action on the one hand, and the management of organizational knowledge on the other. We argue that practical mastery needs to be supplemented by a quasi‐theoretical understanding of what individuals are doing when they exercise that mastery, and this is what knowledge management should be aiming at. Knowledge management, we suggest, is the dynamic process of turning an unreflective practice into a reflective one by elucidating the rules guiding the activities of the practice, by helping give a particular shape to collective understandings, and by facilitating the emergence of heuristic knowledge.     

基于战略的绩效管理研究与应用

针对一般企业绩效管理中存在的诸如考核过程不规范等问题,从基于战略的绩效管理的思想出发,提出了以战略为基础的绩效管理框架、绩效考核指标体系、绩效组织保障体系,为企业有步骤的建立合理的绩效管理体系提供依据。通过提出的理论运用于实际的案例后表明,实施基于战略的绩效管理体系,有利于绩效管理过程的规范化、标准化,同时能有效促进企业绩效管理水平的提升。     

The nature and antecedents of middle manager resistance to change: evidence from an Italian context

Although widely regarded as central to the successful implementation of change in organisations, middle managers have been relatively neglected in the literature on resistance to change (RTC). Focusing on middle management, we investigated the relative impact on RTC of two key factors commonly identified in the literature as key potential antecedents of resistance, namely individuals' perceptions of the cost/benefits of change and their extent of participation in the change process, respectively. To this end, we first identified a number of alternative hypotheses about the impact of the two antecedents of interest on RTC. We then tested these hypotheses using structured survey data from a sample of over 300 middle managers in the Italian national electricity company (ENEL) which, in the second half of the 1990s, underwent a major programme of change in preparation for its eventual privatization. In line with dominant arguments in the literature, the results of the analysis provided clear support to the idea that both antecedents of interest have a significant impact on middle managers' propensity to engage in various forms of RTC. For the most part, though, resistance amongst middle managers was found to take the form of a failure to engage in various types of pro-change behaviour, rather than of a propensity to engage in more open and active forms of dissent.     

Corporate Strategies for Managing Climate Risks

This paper focuses on organizations and their management of climate risks. Climate risks stem from continued changes in climate means and the increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. We ask whether companies also apply the usual process of corporate risk management to climate risks. In seeking to answer this question, we review several literature streams in order to set out an initial theoretical reflection. Based on this we conducted an exploratory case study with 11 electric utilities. Our results illustrate that these companies perceive climatic changes as a material issue for their business. However, management has restricted knowledge about such climatic changes and thus cannot precisely determine the potential negative impacts on business activities. As a consequence, the companies have implemented a climate risk management that does not differ from the usual process of managing other business risks. Our results further illustrate that there is some variation in how individual firms manage climate risks: While risk identification and risk assessment are equally important for all electric utilities, there are differences in how management determines the direction of the individual response to climate risks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Odd Couple: Making Sense of the Curious Concept of Knowledge Management

The idea of knowledge management draws currently much attention, both among practitioners and scholars. Advocates of the term argue that knowledge management points to a new set of phenomena and practices for managers to learn and master. In particular knowledge management focuses on the creation and distribution of knowledge in organizations through technological novelties such as the internet, intranets, and e-mail, although there are also streams concentrating on social relations and interactions. This paper examines several possible conceptualizations of the idea of knowledge management. It is argued that knowledge is an ambiguous, unspecific and dynamic phenomenon, intrinsically related to meaning, understanding and process, and therefore difficult to manage. There is thus a contradiction between knowledge and management. Drawing from a literature review and a case study, it is suggested that knowledge management is as likely, if not more so, to operate as a practice of managing people or information than as a practice attuned towards facilitating knowledge creation.     

CRM在酒店管理系统中的设计与应用

客户关系管理（CRM）是一种新的管理理念,在企业的具体实践中引入这一理念有利于企业去管理并分析宝贵的客户数据,从而更加了解和更准确预测客户的需要,改善客户服务质量,不断改进与客户关系,提高客户满意度以及加强客户的忠诚度。文章介绍了一个实用的酒店管理信息系统的设计和实现方法,针对目前传统酒店管理信息系统中存在的缺陷,重点论述了如何把CRM理念引入该管理信息系统中。实践证明,该系统具有良好的性能和较强的适用性。