Economic Efficiency and Frontier Techniques

Abstract. Most of the literature related to the measurement of economic efficiency has based its analysis either on parametric or on non‐parametric frontier methods. The choice of estimation method has been an issue of debate, with some researchers preferring the parametric and others the non‐parametric approach. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical and detailed review of both core frontier methods. In our opinion, no approach is strictly preferable to any other. Moreover, a careful consideration of their main advantages and disadvantages, of the data set utilized, and of the intrinsic characteristics of the framework under analysis will help us in the correct implementation of these techniques. Recent developments in frontier techniques and economic efficiency measurement such as Bayesian techniques, bootstrapping, duality theory and the analysis of sampling asymptotic properties are also considered in this paper.     

对限价房政策的经济学分析

"限价房"是政府对房地产市场的一种直接管制,是一种典型的行政调控.政府通过限地价和限房价.直接参与了市场竞争.对限价房政策的经济学分析表明,限价房会导致过度需求、出现销售者偏好,于是,可导致政府偏好代替销售者偏好,限价房还可能造成歧视,致使市场扭由,建筑质量下降,甚至出现黑市,导致腐败和资源浪费.限价房是一种典型的砖头补贴,结论认为,应从砖头补贴走向人头补贴,大力发展廉租房.     

An Economic Analysis of Housing Abandonment

Landlord abandonment of rental housing has affected many American cities since the 1960's. Because of data limitations, there have been few empirical analyses of the determinants of housing abandonment. In this paper, we use a rich database that contains information on individual residential properties in New York City to estimate a reduced form model of owner abandonment. We model an owner's decision to abandon his or her property as being similar to an investor's decision to exercise a put option on a financial instrument. When required to pay delinquent taxes, a wealth-maximizing landlord has an incentive to cede ownership of his or her residential property when the value of all outstanding liens exceeds the property's market value. Estimates from the model are used to examine whether empirical evidence supports this option model of abandonment.     

基于“城房指数”的中国城市新建商品住房市场有效性研究

本文采用2006年1月至2009年8月我国10个大中城市“城房指数”数据,检验了新建商品住宅市场的有效性,结果显示市场无效是较为普遍的现象。进一步的研究说明,特定的市场参与者可以在无效市场中通过积极预测价格而获得更好的回报。但对一般投资者而言,由于目前调整持有房地产资产比例的投资行为将产生极高的交易费用,获得这一套利机会并不现实。如果未来我国资本市场上出现房地产衍生证券,该问题有可能得到解决,市场有效性也会得到提高。     

Slotting Allowances and Scarce Shelf Space

Slotting allowances are payments made by manufacturers to obtain retail shelf space. They are widespread in the grocery industry and a concern to antitrust authorities. A popular view is that slotting allowances arise because there are more products than retailers can profitably carry given their shelf space. We show that the causality can also go the other way: the scarcity of shelf space may in part be due to the feasibility of slotting allowances. It follows that slotting allowances can be anticompetitive even if they have no effect on retail prices.     

提高能源效率与经济结构调整的策略分析

新型工业化的一个显著特征就是要求降低能源强度(单位产值消耗的能源量)，提高能源使用效率。本文首先对能源效率、节能的内涵进行界定，从能源物理效率、单位产值能耗、单位产品能耗等方面分析了我国能源效率的现状特征，以及与先进能源效率水平国家的差距，基于产值能耗与经济结构调整关系的分析，提出了降低能源强度的主要策略。     

Child Exemptions or Child Allowances

A bstract Eliminating Child exempitons and replacing them with a European style child allowance program would be an effective and costless antipoverty policy The distributional and poverty reducing effects of three potentral child allowance programs are examined These include a fixed dollar tax credit a dollar tax credit a tax credit that declines with income, and a taxable allowance of the some dollar amount for each child     

能源效率、二氧化碳排放效率与经济增长的关系分析

本文运用协整理论和误差修正模型,对世界和中国1971-2007年的能源效率、1960-2007年的CO2排放效率以及相应年度的GDP数据进行分析。结果表明,世界的CO2排放效率和GDP之间存在协整关系,中国的能源效率和GDP之间存在协整关系,且GDP是能源效率的Granger原因,从短期来看,GDP与能源效率呈正相关关系。     

效率工资的必要条件与经济效应

索洛模型和萨默斯模型存在局限性,在建立效率工资一般模型时,应当同时考虑到绝对工资水平、相对工资高低和失业率对工人劳动效率的影响。效率工资机制依赖于两个必要条件：间接计量的工资形式和竞争关系的存在。当效率工资的条件成立时,工资调整将存在粘性,均衡工资高于劳动力市场出清工资,且存在均衡失业。     

效率改善、经济发展和地区差异——基于对中国三大城市经济圈的实证研究

本文通过采用两种生产边界方法将中国三大城市经济圈(京津冀、长三角、珠三角)38个城市1990~2005年的劳动平均GDP分解为物质资本积累、效率改善、技术进步和人力资本投入所贡献的经济增长,然后采用绝对收敛方程考察这4个因素的收敛效应。实证结果表明,效率改善是其中唯一使地区间差距缩小的因素,而且其收敛效应随时间的推移呈现出先减后增的趋势,即进入20世纪90年代以来地区间差异有先拉大后缩小的趋势,但是缩小的效果还很不显著。     

我国住房保障政策经济学分析

住房保障政策是指政府在一定的社会、经济和政治形式下,为改善住在的数量、质量、价格以及所有权和使用权状况,为适应不同时期的住房需求和住房供应模式而设计的干预政策;其目的是提高居民家庭拥有住房的比例,从数量和质量上改善住房的供给。     

Negative Child Tax for Economic Efficiency

The Governments recent review of the social security system proposed to continue the payment of Child Benefit to rich and poor parents alike. Alexandra Hardie or the University of Exeter, examines the disincentive effects of the current system of universal child benefit and calls instead for its replacement by selective benefits to improve incentives to employment, simplify administration and concentrate state assistance where it is required.     

Housing as a Tool of Economic Development since 1929

Housing policy in the developing world has usually been shaped by social and political considerations, yet housing can also be used to promote economic development. From the 1930s to the 1950s, it was increasingly deployed for this purpose by the agencies of colonial powers, including Britain and France; by the United States in Puerto Rico; and by the US Agency for International Development and the Inter‐American Development Bank in Latin America. By the mid‐1960s, the UN and affiliated agencies, notably the International Labour Office, had a keen and broad appreciation of its significance for economic policy. This understanding was temporarily swamped by rising social concerns and then sidelined when the World Bank began to support sites‐and‐services schemes in the 1970s. It reasserted itself in the 1980s in the form of ‘market enabling’ strategies which, however, too often became an excuse for inaction. This history underlines the importance of paying attention to the potential role of housing as a tool of economic development. Dans le monde en développement, la configuration de la politique du logement tient généralement à des aspects sociaux et politiques, alors que le logement peut aussi servir à promouvoir l’expansion économique. Des années 1930 à 1950, c’est dans ce but qu’elle a été mise en ?uvre par les organes des puissances coloniales, dont la Grande‐Bretagne et la France, par les États‐Unis à Puerto Rico, ainsi que par l’agence de développement international des États‐Unis (USAID) et la Banque interaméricaine de développement en Amérique latine. Au milieu des années 1960, l’ONU et ses agences, notamment le Bureau International du Travail, ont émis un avis général tranché quant à son importance en politique économique. Cette idée a été temporairement submergée par l’apparition de problèmes sociaux, puis mise sur la touche lorsque la Banque mondiale a soutenu les projets Sites et services dans les années 1970. Elle s’est réimplantée dans les années 1980 sous la forme de stratégies de stimulation de marché qui, toutefois, ont trop souvent servi d’excuse au manque d’action. Cet historique souligne l’intérêt à accorder au rôle potentiel du logement en tant qu’outil de développement économique.     

社区土地信托制度及其与经济适用房制度的比较

美国社区土地信托制度是解决低收入家庭住房问题的一种模式.在社区土地信托制度下,社区土地信托公司或组织持有土地所有权,低收入买房人得到的只是房屋所有权和一定年限的土地使用权.因住房价格中不包含土地价格部分,从而保证了低收入家庭对住房价格的可负担性.社区土地信托的住房保障资源的可循环利用、非营利组织运作、促进社区发展的视角等优点,对完善经济适用房制度具有借鉴意义.     

经济制度和我国经济增长效率的实证研究

本文根据经济制度和经济增长作用模型,利用一国经济制度和经济增长指标的面板数据（Panel Data）,对经济制度和我国经济增长的作用机制进行实证研究.结果表明,近年来我国经济制度对经济增长不仅是重要而且是有效率的,并且政府对当前的经济增长起着决定性的作用.同时,我国宏观经济治理结构模型表明,我国经济增长存在最佳的经济制度安排,以经济增长为目标的政府治理能够实现我国最优的经济增长.     

金融、金融体系与经济增长的效率

本文利用经济增长模型从动态的角度对金融与经济增长的关系进行了长期分析。文中考察了两部分内容：一是金融促进经济增长的长期机制；二是有效率金融体系所应具有的特征。     

抓质量管理促经济效益

在市场经济环境下,用户对产品的需求在不断变化,质量期望值越来越高,因此,只有坚 持抓好质量管理,不断提高产品质量,才能占领市场,扩大经营,增加效益,发展壮大,立 于不败之地。这是企业发展的必由之路。我们金杯客车制造公司就是沿着这条道路,一年上 一个台阶,连续5年产销量名列全行业之首的。这里,谈谈我们的一些做法及体会。1 在同行业中率先通过了质量体系认证在经济全球化趋势日益明显、我国不久将加入WTO之际,为了做好准备,迎接国际竞争的 挑战,公司于1995年8月25日在客车行业第一家通过了ISO9001质量体系认证。通…     

电液锤改造的先进性、经济性

我公司现有的锻压设备存在明显缺点,因此,对我公司普遍使用的蒸空、汽锤进行技术改造具有极大的社会效益和经济效益。电液锤作为蒸空、汽锤的改进与替代产品开发利用有着美好的前景。本文介绍了电液锤的结构原理,分析了其先进性与经济性以及实行该技术改造的意义。     

Nonparametric Methods for Evaluating Economic Efficiency and Imperfect Competition

This article unifies and extends ideas from nonparametric production analysis and DEA for testing organizational efficiency. We show how the admissible price set can be restricted to account for prior information on prices. These restrictions may relate prices to input and output quantities in order to test noncompetitive behavior of the evaluated decision making unit. While the resulting efficiency tests cannot always be cast into linear programming problems, we discuss various solution strategies for the tests. Thereby we consider the question when does local optimality of the result guarantee global optimality. We also show how the decision maker's preferences, for example ranking information, can be adopted into DEA models in a simple manner. Finally, the approach with price restrictions is illustrated with an application to test noncompetitive behavior of the pulp and paper industries in Finland.