启迪创新研究院为中国城市创新创业环境“体检”——《中国城市创新创业环境排行榜》子榜发布

清华大学启迪创新研究院通过“政、产、学、研、金、介、贸、媒”等软硬环境指标对GDP过千亿、人均GDP排名前100的城市进行创新创业环境对比分析。以期为区域政府完善创新创业环境提供借鉴和参考。     

Did Social Security Improve Labor Productivity?

This note statistically investigates the relationship between social security expenditure indexes and labor productivity during 1980- 2009 in Japan based on the Solow type of production function. In the case of real social security expenditure per labor and per total working hours, labor productivity decreases with respect to real social security. On the other hand, in the case of real social security expenditure per private capital stock, labor productivity increases with respect to real social security. However, the partial regression coefficients of these three indexes are not significant statistically. Therefore, we could not derive a clear relationship between the social security indexes and labor productivity.     

Technological Progress and the Wage Growth of Older Japanese Workers

Declining birth and mortality rates are leading to population aging throughout the OECD countries. This paper examines one possible consequence for national productivity – we ask: Are older workers able to take advantage of new technologies as effectively as their younger counterparts? Using Japanese data for 1973-2000, we find that if we ignore job tenure, workers beyond the age of 50 do not seem as able to benefit from total factor productivity growth as their younger colleagues. However, Japanese workers past age 50 move to lesser paying positions more frequently than is common elsewhere, and we believe that the complete answer to our question depends upon whether an inability to keep up with new technologies induces late-in-career job changes or whether the changes follow, in practice, from other factors.     

Subcontracting Structure and Productivity in the Japanese Software Industry

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the factors determining the productivity of the software industry in Japan, using individual data from the Survey of the State of the Information Service Industry conducted in August 2006 by IPA (Information-Technology Promotion Agency, Japan). This paper focuses on the relationship between the subcontracting structure and productivity in the Japanese software industry. Software enterprises are classified as prime contractors, intermediate subcontractors, end-contractors, and independent enterprise. A comparison of their productivity levels reveals that intermediate subcontractors are the least productive. However, it is observed that the intermediate subcontractors possessing a high quality of human resources measured the proportion of employees passing the Information Technology Engineers Examination (ITEE), or the intermediate subcontractors adopting the IT skill standard which defines the skills for IT human resources clearly and systematically, has a high productivity level. It can raise the productivity in software industry as a whole.     

21万亿消费信贷为中国金融机构助飞

近几年,中国消费信贷开始腾飞.住房抵押贷款、信用卡和汽车贷款量保持强劲增长.这一趋势出现于各个财富阶层和年龄段,但中国最大城市的年轻和富裕消费者的借款可能性最大.然而,该市场仍处于初级阶段,许多金融机构正在努力开发有效的业务模式、建立优质的服务运作体系并深入分析消费者.     

Spam mails impede economic growth

We estimate labor losses caused by spam mails and input these estimated values into a production function, while also estimating damage to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Japan. As a result, we have found that spam mails decreased the Japanese GDP by about 500 billion yen in 2004. This marginal negative effect of spam mail to the GDP increased with the progress of broadband in 2000. Moreover, from the result of a social simulation conducted by the authors, the amount of damage is projected to reach 1% of the Japanese GDP by 2010, unless adequate countermeasures are taken against spam mails. This projection provides a statistical fundamental to several theoretical analyses of spam mails.     

中关村核心区：创新驱动托起“绿色GDP”

多管齐下打造绿色”GDP”．一直是中关村核心区追逐的梦想．近年来也切实付诸于行动。2013年9月30日上午，中共中央政治局以实施创新驱动发展战略为题．首次将集体学习“课堂”搬到红墙外．在中关村举行第九次集体学习。习近平在主持学习时强调，实施创新驱动发展战略决定着中华民族前途命运。习近平指出，     

中国企业如何挑战10万亿美元

中国企业成为世界级强手的关键成功要素是什么？中国企业如何打造世界一流能力,与领先企业在全球市场同台竞技？到2030年,中国的商品和服务年产量增长将达到10万亿美元,中国企业该如何应战？     

Sales Strategy Mining Support with Visualization of Moving History

Strategic usage in data mining of sales data has come under increased focus as a result of the growth of data mining studies using electrical data, such as Point of Sale (POS) data. However, many of these mining systems only output results such as frequently appearing patterns, while, instead, they should be aimed at people who mine data. In this paper, a framework for leading and supporting new ideas from data is introduced. Based on this framework, a system that supports strategic usage in the data mining of sales data is proposed. The system deals not only with POS data, but also with the moving history of each customer. The system visualizes POS and moving history data, so that an analyzer inputs conditions to narrow down customers and acquires customer features. In addition to the ordinal outputs of a mining system, the analyzer interprets the meaning of his/her input and output to create a new strategy based on the framework. According to the experimental results, new strategies derived from the moving history were created.     

The Effect of Information Communication Technology and Corporate Organizational Reforms on Productivity in Japan: Firm- level Evidence

Our main objective in this paper is to understand how Japanese firms can increase productivity by utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT). E-commerce, BPO (Business Process Outsourcing), and SCM (Supply Chain Management) are popular in Japan, so a new type of ICT might offer an opportunity for Japanese firms to change current business relations or to start up new ones. The novelty of this paper is in its empirical study of the combination of ICT promotion and a variety of business organizational changes needed to discover which type of business organizational change is suitable for raising productivity in Japan. For workplace organization within firms, we discuss the decentralization or centralization of decision-making power and the flattening of the corporate hierarchy. For business relational changes, we discuss the outsourcing of the business process and the start up of new business relations. Our main result is that in general, the promotion of ICT has better effects in reforms related to changes in business relations among business partners, rather than to reforms within a firm. Starting up new business relations that require planning and R&D show the best chances of raising productivity using ICT promotion.     

海洋资源与可持续发展

我个人一直赞同＂大城市＂,而不太赞同＂小城镇＂,因为小城镇仍然缺乏规模效应。城市要有一定规模才能克服过去分散的农业社会、小城镇,后者成本太高。     

绿色财富：从名义GDP到绿色GDP

什么是财富？《辞海》对财富的定义是：具有价值的东西。由英国著名经济学家戴维·W·皮尔斯主编的《现代经济学词典》对财富下的定义是：“任何有市场价值并且可用来交换货币或商品的东西都可被看作是财富。它包括实物与实物资产、金融资产。以及可以生产收入的个人技能，当这些东西可以在市场上换取商品或货币时，它们被认为是财富。财富可以分成两种主要类型：     

产业技术联盟激活中关村集群创新

面临我国进一步推进创新驱动发展战略的机遇,中关村产业技术联盟的未来发展也值得我们瞩目。 作为促进战略性新兴产业发展、建设具有全球影响力的科技创新中心的新兴力量,产业技术联盟已经成为中关村实施创新驱动发展战略的重要载体。十八届三中全会以来,我国进一步推进科技体制改革,实施创新驱动发展战略,通过科技创新推动体制改革和促进经济转型发展。产业联盟又面临着大发展的机遇。     

Implementation issues in a grid-based multi-agent simulation system used for increasing labor supply

This paper describes issues of implementation for a Grid-based multi-agent simulation used to support decision-makers in making their decisions. Recently, social scientists including sociologists, economists, and social psychologists, have become interested in large- scale multi-agent simulation. However, users who are not familiar with operating large-scale computing resources may have a difficult time implementing these simulations. Therefore, the authors have developed a computing environment with a task-control support framework for a day care center allocation problem. In addition, we show how to implement the Grid-based multi-agent simulation system. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of the proposed system using experiments with human subjects. By using the proposed prototype system, decision-makers were able to find near optimal solutions without examining all possible tasks.     

An Advertising Strategy Using Consumption Externality and Forgetting in the Case of Japanese Electronic Books

We construct a two-period model in which a consumer recognizes the existence of goods after advertised by firms, and total sales of the first period affect the utility of each consumer’s purchase in the second period, indicating a consumption externality. Some consumers see advertisements in the first period and remember the product, whereas some forget the product in the second period. We show that the advertising volume changes given the differences in the forgetting rate. In particular, we apply our method to the data on Japan’s electronic books obtained through a conjoint analysis survey to clarify that a better strategy is to sell a product to a small number of people at a low price or to lower the price to a certain level during the early period, and then to sell the product to a specific consumer segment at a higher price after reflecting the externality.     

美髯公传奇：将汽车节能进行到底

美髯公朱荣辉博士发明的液混动力无级变速器技术,可用相当于自动变速器的成本使汽车综合油耗降低15%。如果这项技术能在全国推广应用,一亿多辆车一年节省的油钱就是2000多亿,相当于一年省出一个三峡工程!     

A Pricing Strategy with Consumption Externality when the Reference Group is Large

This paper provides an analysis of firms’ optimal prices when individual utility exhibits both material and other consumer effects. We construct a model and conduct an analysis in the following four steps: (1) By using a conjoint analysis of data, we set up a hierarchical Bayesian model and estimate its parameters, which are composed of individual utility functions. (2) We calculate the number of sales in each time period and derive the total sales throughout the given period. (3) We estimate the demand functions in the presence and absence of consumption externalities. (4) Finally, we calculate the profit functions and derive the optimal prices taking into account various product attributes. By applying our analysis to the book market of Japan, we find that the optimal price is lower when an externality is present than when absent. The intuition behind this result is that pricing low and selling a large number of books from an early stage increases the externality effect, yielding a higher profit for firms.     

Married Women’s Lifestyles in Japan: Disparities Based on the Number of Children

In order to explore the complex mechanisms of married women’s decisions in matters of childbirth, we studied empirically the relations between family size and aspects of lifestyle through a questionnaire survey administered in 2006 to married women living in the city of Suita, Japan, a suburb of Osaka. Lifestyle was taken as a complex of mutual relationships among individual (biographical, psychological) and social (socioeconomic, social support) factors, and our aim was to clarify differences in Japan in lifestyle among married women based on the number of their children. Analysis of 495 respondents showed mothers with only a single child were more self-reliant: they tend to give birth at a late age, enjoy cooperation with their husbands in family finances, be psychologically at ease, and not seek help from others in child rearing. Mothers with three or more children embody more of the traditional role for Japanese women: they tend to give birth at an early age, be reliant on their husbands financially, be less at ease psychologically, and seek others’ help in child rearing. These differences suggest that more focus on psychological, not just economic support in government policy to counteract declining fertility is an important issue for future consideration.     

航天恒星：飞在天地间

到2012年,我国将建成覆盖亚太地区的北斗区域卫星导航系统,一个新兴产业已蓄势待发。在机遇面前,航天恒星的核心竞争力在于接近国内最高水平的人均产出值,每人每年为公司创造的价值在70-80万元之间。     

Globalization of Information Services and the Industrial Structure of the Japanese Economy

Since the late 1990s, ICT has rebuilt organizational networks by connecting value chains and providing communication networks. This made certain types of services tradable, including information services. This change raised the public concern in terms of the effect on employment and innovation capacity in developed economies. The fragmentation of the production network of information services has been led by US firms, but is spreading to East Asia, typically in outsourcing from Japan to China, India and the ASEAN countries. This study empirically assesses the effect of offshore outsourcing on employment in Japan, specifying trading partners. The results show that information services outsourcing affects employment in the manufacturing sector in Japan, but the effect is different depending on trading partners. This study discusses the implications from the viewpoint of industry policy, relating the results to outsourced business processes.