商业银行服务外包风险与绩效关系的实证研究

商业银行服务外包的规模和发展潜力巨大,占据了金融服务外包的主导地位。本文根据巴塞尔委员会主导的联合论坛出台的《金融服务外包文件》列举的风险类型进行分类、合并,构建一个关于商业银行服务外包风险的评价指标体系。在基于SEM模型上,运用SPSS、AMOS等统计软件进行定量的实证研究。通过研究,得出如下结论:战略风险、财务风险、人力风险和操作风险与绩效呈显著负相关,而系统风险和信用风险与绩效不则不存在显著负相关关系。     

Internal Audit Outsourcing: A Literature Synthesis and Future Directions

The internal audit function (IAF), which has traditionally been an in‐house function, is increasingly being outsourced to outside consultants, in line with global trends for other services. This study synthesises research on the outsourcing and co‐sourcing of internal audit services over the last three decades, and suggests directions for future research. It draws from professional and academic literature to highlight the nature of organisations that outsource the IAF, and the main reasons behind the outsourcing decision. The study further examines the financial impact of outsourcing, as well as its impact on financial reporting, internal audit quality and auditors’ independence. The study shows widespread adoption of outsourcing of internal auditing services, largely due to the perceived cost benefits as well as perceived improved access to specialised internal auditing resources. There are mixed findings on the impact of outsourcing of internal auditing services on quality, cost, independence and availability of resources. This study contributes to internal and external audit, corporate governance and outsourcing literature in general, by synthesising the existing research and providing a roadmap with which to understand the origins, development, present state and impact of outsourcing of internal auditing.     

企业内部审计外包实践调查及发展方略

近年来内部审计外包受到国内外监管机构的高度关注,学术界和实务界对其争议也从未停歇。为了解我国企业内审外包现状及动因,我们对中国上市公司进行了大样本问卷调查。结果发现,内部审计外包在我国发展迅速,目前有近20%的公司选择了内审外包服务,内部控制水平较低、所处法制环境较差以及国有控股的企业更具内审外包需求;在外包服务商选择上,非国有企业更倾向于为自己提供审计服务的会计师事务所,而国有企业更青睐其他会计师事务所;外包商较高的专业能力是企业选择内审外包的最主要原因,而企业将内审内置的最主要原因是担心外包商对企业了解不足。最后,文章探析了我国企业内审外包的发展方略。     

经济责任审计运行效果实证研究

经济责任审计以评价领导干部为主,在我国已经运行多年。根据经济控制论和免疫系统观,经济责任审计通过加强经济责任审计力量、强化经济责任审计执行力度和加大经济责任审计业务量,能够预防和惩治领导干部腐败,提高财政收支财务收支绩效。实证研究表明,经济责任审计力量越强,经济责任审计执行力度越大,越能够预防领导干部职务犯罪;审计人员数量越多,审计力量越强大,单位国内生产总值耗费的行政管理费越少。为了提高经济责任审计运行效果,应当构建经济责任审计监控体系。     

An Empirical Study of the Audit Expectation-Performance Gap

The critical, litigious environment which characterises auditing today can be traced to the audit expectation-performance gap. Defined as the gap between society's expectations of auditors and auditors perceived performance, it is seen to comprise ‘reasonableness’ and ‘performance’ components, the latter being subdivided into ‘deficient standards’ and ‘deficient performance’. Empirical research was conducted in New Zealand in 1989 to investigate the audit expectation-performance gap. The study enables the duties which constitute the reasonableness, deficient standards and deficient performance components of the gap to be identified. It also provides the means to estimate the relative contribution of the duties to their respective components, and of the components to the overall gap between society's expectations of auditors and auditors' perceived performance. The research provides new insights into the structure, composition and extent of the audit expectation-performance gap but, more importantly, it signals a rational, comprehensive approach towards narrowing the gap. If adopted, this should bring society's expectations of auditors and auditors' performance into closer accord and, as a consequence, reduce the criticism and litigation which auditors face today.     

审计委员会特征与会计师事务所变更的经验研究

本文以会计师事务所变更为视角,探讨具备怎样特征的审计委员会才能有效履行其职责。研究表明:审计委员会的独立性和专业性与会计师事务所变更显著负相关;审计委员会的开会次数与会计师事务所变更没有显著关系,说明审计委员会的存在有助于减少会计师事务所变更。但在对会计师事务所变更的进一步研究中,我们并没有发现会计师事务所变是为了追求更高审计质量的进一步证据,也说明审计委员会对会计师事务所变更的影响仍然有限。这些研究结论为完善我国审计委员会制度提供了经验证据。     

以组织发展与战略管理为背景的内部审计外包研究

内部审计现已逐渐被纳入企业战略管理的轨道,并为实现组织目标而发挥积极作用。企业根据组织发展目标和战略管理的要求而适当地将内部审计外包,亦可以站在战略的高度加以认识和展开。本文立足于组织发展与战略管理的背景,阐释了内部审计外包的原理依据及其对于组织经营和管理控制的多元影响,并据此提出内部审计外包的策略分析模式,进一步强调对外包之后委托代理双方的资源、能力、知识、信息等方面的有机整合,以保证内部审计外包的实施效果及其“增进组织价值”目标的实现。     

Audit Firm Tenure,Non‐Audit Services,and Internal Assessments of Audit Quality

We use data from internal assessments of audit quality in a Big 4 firm to investigate the impact of audit firm tenure and auditor‐provided non‐audit services (NAS) on audit quality. We find that first‐year audits receive lower assessments of audit quality and that quality improves shortly thereafter and then declines as tenure becomes very long. Partitioning our sample between SEC registrants and private clients, we find that the decline in audit quality in the long tenure range is attributable to audits of private clients. For audits of SEC registrants, the probability of a high quality audit reaches its maximum with very long tenure. We also find that audit fees are discounted for first‐year audits but auditor effort is higher than in subsequent years. We find no association, on average, between total NAS fees and audit quality in the full sample but observe that total NAS fees are positively associated with quality for SEC registrants and negatively associated with quality for privately held clients. Our findings are important for regulatory policies related to audit firm tenure and auditor‐provided NAS.     

The Market for External Audit Services in the Public Sector: An Empirical Analysis of NHS Trusts

This study investigates the market for audit services in the UK National Health Service (NHS). The market has a number of interesting features, including the presence of the Audit Commission as a regulator, appointer and provider of audit services. Following a theoretical overview of audit pricing in the NHS, evidence is provided on the behaviour of private sector auditors in an environment where audit risk characteristics differ from the private sector. The research also investigates, for the first time in the public sector, the relationship between audit fees and non–audit (consultancy) fees. Comparisons are also drawn between audit fees in the public and private sectors in an analysis of audit fees by industry. Despite some key similarities, the study shows that a number of differences exist between private and public sector audit fee models. In particular, we find no evidence of Big 6 (or mid–tier) auditor premiums, but we do find a significant negative relationship between audit and consultancy fees providing support for the 'knowledge spill–over' hypothesis. In addition, the fees charged to trusts appear significantly lower than their private sector counterparts, despite trust auditors having additional duties to perform. Possible explanations for this finding are offered in the paper.     

基于绿色经济理念的高校财务精细化管理

财务精细化管理是顺应低碳经济推广形势的一项重要财务管理举措,它是实现高校社会效用和办学效益最大化的重要保障,是运用现代财务管理思维和时新管理手段对学校内部控制体系中的各领域、各环节、各关键点及各管理人员进行精准化、细则化和信息化的财务控制与管理.     

非审计业务对审计市场绩效的影响——基于会计师事务所业务结构的角度

以审计质量和审计收费作为审计市场绩效的衡量指标,从会计师事务所业务结构角度来考察我国注册会计师行业拓展非审计业务对审计市场所带来的影响。实证检验发现,相对于其他事务所而言,非审计业务规模越大和当年非审计业务规模较上年扩大的事务所,其审计质量越好,审计收费也越高。这说明在目前审计服务市场容量有限,竞争过于激烈的环境下,拓展非审计业务有利于增强审计独立性和提高审计收费,是改善行业执业环境的一个重要途径。     

The Impact of Consulting Services on Audit Quality: An Experimental Approach

We use experimental markets to examine whether providing consulting services to a non‐audit client impacts audit quality. Our paper directly addresses concerns raised by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board that the largest public accounting firms’ growth in their consulting practices threatens audit quality. We conduct an experiment proposed using a registration‐based editorial process. We compare a baseline where the auditor does not provide consulting services to conditions where auditors provide consulting to audit clients or where auditors only provide consulting services to non‐audit clients. Our unique design provides evidence on whether providing consulting to non‐audit clients strengthens the salience of a client‐cooperative social norm that reduces audit quality. We do not find differences in audit quality by condition in our planned analysis, however we find greater variation in audit quality in the conditions where auditors provide consulting services compared to the baseline. In unplanned analyses, our results suggest providing consulting services increases auditor cooperation with managers, increasing audit quality when managers prefer high audit quality and decreasing audit quality when managers prefer low audit quality.     

政府绩效审计接受度实证研究

对政府绩效审计接受度较低是制约我国政府绩效审计开展的重要原因。本文依据审计学、心理学、组织行为学等相关理论,以被审计人员为研究对象,探讨了影响政府绩效审计接受度的各种因素,并进行了实证分析。结果显示,被审计人员对绩效审计的态度会显著影响其对绩效审计的接受度,而被审计人员所感知到的组织支持与其对绩效审计的态度之间存在显著的正相关关系。此外,被审计者所感知到的审计结果效力也显著影响其对绩效审计工作的接受度。     

审计独立性与非审计服务

传统的审计服务曾经在相当长的时间内,在会计师事务所的服务结构中占有绝对优势.但是由于上市公司丑闻不断发生,尤其安然事件的爆发,引起政府相关部门、广大投资者、债权人及社会公众对非审计服务是否影响审计独立性这一问题的高度关注.本文介绍了非审计服务对审计独立性的正面影响和负面影响,并结合我国的现实国情,对我国发展非审计服务进行了必要性与可行性分析,讨论如何规范和发展我国非审计服务,如何保持注册会计师审计独立性,并着重论述了发展策略方面的问题.     

Evaluating the Work of Internal Audit: A Comparison of Standards and Empirical Evidence

Numerous changes have recently been proposed or made to audit standards providing guidance for external auditors' evaluations of internal audit work. This paper reports the results of a study to compare the UK's Accounting Practices Board Statement of Auditing Standard 500, first, with similar standards promulgated by international, Canadian and US societies, and second, with audit quality factors derived from practising internal auditors. The data for the latter comparison was obtained from a two-phase study that first generated a set of potential quality factors through intensive structured interviews with audit groups from six different and diverse organisations, and then obtained evaluations of these factors from a large sample of internal auditors worldwide. Results first indicate that there are strong similarities between the guidance provided by SAS 500 and that proposed or promulgated by the UK, international, Canadian and US audit groups. Furthermore, the guidance provided by these SASs for items to consider in evaluating the quality of internal audit work are largely in agreement with the factors determined by practising internal auditors. There are, however, several items listed in SAS 500 that are not considered useful by internal auditors and there are other factors considered crucial by internal auditors but not mentioned in the SASs.     

银行金融服务外包国际监管的比较研究

全球金融机构逐渐将原先自行承担的业务转交外包服务提供商完成,在这种情况下,金融机构如何控制业务的风险,如何知道自己的业务符合监管的要求是迫切需要解决的问题。本文首先分析金融服务外包所带来的风险,进而对世界上10个国家和地区的监管法律法规进行比较研究,并得出相应的政策建议。希望本文的研究结果能够对我国制定金融服务外包指引提供值得借鉴的经验。     

The Audit Report under Going Concern Uncertainties: An Empirical Analysis

This study explores the value of the audit report in the context of the going concern qualification (GCQ) decision along the joint dimensions of auditor competence and independence. Likelihood of company failure, auditor switch rates, the self-fulfilling prophecy argument and audit firm size are analysed as variables potentially affecting the value of the audit report in a GCQ situation. This study focuses on the outcomes of such decisions: the presence or absence of a GCQ, for a large sample of UK quoted companies over the decade 1977–86. Our results suggest that, unless the likelihood of failure is very high, the probability of a GCQ is very low. We find some evidence in support of an association between the presence of a GCQ and auditor switching but no support for the self-fulfilling prophecy argument. In addition, smaller UK audit firms do not appear to exhibit lower GCQ rates than do large firms. There is some evidence that the issues of auditor competence and independence may be a cause for concern in this context in the UK.     

Audit Fees and Deeds of Cross Guarantee: An Empirical Evaluation

Since 1985, directors of Australian corporate groups have had the opportunity to execute a regulatory financing instrument, currently described as a deed of cross guarantee (DXG), between a holding company and one or more subsidiaries. This unique Australian regulatory intervention was advanced and justified on the basis that relieving subsidiaries from financial reporting requirements with associated cross‐guaranteeing debt obligations would reduce the regulatory burden on groups of companies, and subsequently reduce audit and administration costs. Given the claims of regulators' and others in the business community, this paper examines whether, ceteris paribus, the DXG has a significant mitigating effect on audit fee determination. Specifically, the study evaluates whether a particular engagement attribute decreases audit complexity and subsequently audit risk and audit fees. After controlling for size and group structure complexity of the auditee, the study finds that first‐time adopters of a DXG pay less in audit fees relative to non‐DXG groups, but there is lack of evidence to support ongoing audit fee savings from having a DXG in place. On the contrary, results show that a group with an established DXG pays much higher audit fees, which may be a consequence of the DXG introducing added complexity to the audit. The study also contributes to the methodological development of the standard audit fee model, particularly for the Australian context.     

审计机关购买社会审计服务决策研究

审计机关购买社会审计服务是基于承接单位所提供的审计服务质量可以达到预期、承接人员可以做到勤勉尽责这两个前提。通过服务购买,审计机关与社会中介机构缔结经济契约,弥补自身审计资源的不足。不同社会中介机构所能提供的审计服务在质量和价格上是有差异的;由于信息不对称,社会中介机构作为审计服务的供给方可能会选择性提供审计业务能力相关信息,审计机关可能无法优选目标而出现逆向选择现象。面对质量和成本双重目标约束,在探索协调路径的基础上,运用层次分析法,根据审计机关购买社会审计服务的特点,构建各指标的层次结构模型,从质量和成本两个维度进行量化分析,提出可行性方案,再进行决策,这种方法可以解决目前审计机关购买社会审计服务中可行性方案量化不足的问题。