跨国公司R＆D全球化与中国的对策

研究与开发(R&D)是企业的核心功能与创新源泉.20世纪90年代以来,随着经济全球化、科技一体化的迅猛发展,跨国公司技术R&D的形式、战略也发生了相应地变化,西方巨型跨国公司为了降低新产品研发的成本和风险,谋求产品价值链各环节的总体最大收益,逐步淡化以母国为R&D中心的传统布局,代之以全球范围内R&D资源的战略配置,逐步实现R＆D的网络化、全球化.     

基于“世界城市”理论的国际研发城市判定研究

借鉴世界城市及其体系的相关理论与研究方法,从跨国公司研发全球化的空间组织切入,通过对全球170余家主要跨国公司高等级研发机构区位分布与空间集聚程度的考察,以城市为空间尺度勾勒出研发全球化的地理格局,确定全球研发网络的空间节点,并将其作为识别与判定国际研发城市的核心特征指标。随后,根据考察结果将32座城市判定为国际研发城市,并在此基础上分析了32座城市的空间分布、城市规模以及集聚机构性质等方面的显著特征。以上结果同时也更为深入地展现了跨国公司研发活动单元基于城市空间尺度的全球分布格局,在一定程度上深化了跨国公司研发投资区位理论。     

浅议跨国公司研发全球化的特点与模式

自20世纪80年代中期以来，为了适应更为激烈的全球竞争，跨国公司一改过去仅将R＆D集中在母国或少数专业市场的做法，开始加大对外R＆D的投资力度，在全球范围内组建自己的R8LD网络，出现了“R＆D全球化”的倾向。本文论述了跨国公司研发全球化的主要特点及其基本模式。     

经济全球化与跨国公司发展新战略

本文从经济全球化的环境之下，论述了跨国公司发展的新战略：（1）跨国公司间的一体化－全球国际战略联盟；（2）跨国公司抢占发展中国家市场形成全球战略的各个布置点的战略；（3）跨国公司在母国外的国家建立研究开发机构和中心作为投资项目实现全球战略。     

跨国公司R&D国际化战略的实证研究

R&D作为跨国公司的核心能力,以往主要集中在母公司.跨国公司一改以母国为R&D中心的传统布局,根据不同东道国在人才、科技实力以及科研基础设施上的比较优势,在全球范围内有组织地布署R&D机构,从而促使跨国公司的R&D活动日益朝着国际化、全球化的方向发展.通过对跨国公司R&D国际化战略的背景、动因和特点的分析,揭示了跨国公司的R&D国际化战略对我国企业的启示及我国企业应采取的对策.     

跨国公司研发战略的全球趋势

随着经济全球化的进程的加快,跨国公司正在加紧实行全球技术研发战略,充分利用海外的科技和人才资源,以支持其海外市场的开发,服务其全球市场战略。跨国公司的技术研发全球化已成为贸易全球化、生产全球化、金融资本全球化之后世界经济一体化的重要趋势。本文浅析跨国公司全球技术研发战略的基本特点及其在华技术研发战略。     

分散与整合:跨国公司全球研发网络投资的空间协同治理研究

全球研发网络投资是跨国公司适应开放式创新要求而新推出的一种研发投资组织类型。关于跨国公司全球研发网络投资如何实现空间协同治理的研究,学界在概念内涵、关键要素及运行机制等方面尚存在认知差异。基于对现有文献的梳理,针对跨国公司全球研发网络投资空间协同治理的概念、目的效应及关键要素进行了归纳和分析,并围绕治理的层次结构分析,提出了跨国公司全球研发网络投资空间协同治理的基本框架。最后指出,需要结合跨国公司的全球整合实践,对跨国公司全球研发网络投资空间协同治理模式等问题展开进一步研究。     

跨国公司全球内部R&D网络组织模式与环境适配性研究

跨国公司全球内部RD网络是跨国公司全球RD网络的核心组成部分,因此应发挥网络的支撑作用,根据东道国环境采用不同类型的内部RD网络组织模式。根据RD网络内部研发能力分散程度和研发合作程度两个标准,将内部RD网络组织模式分为4类,然后再根据母国与东道国市场的差异程度和东道国创新资源的丰富程度将东道国环境分为4种状态,进而指出在不同东道国环境状态下应采用的内部RD网络组织模式类型。     

全球研发网络、吸收能力与创新价值链动态升级

本文从发展吸收能力的角度,首先通过一个国际生产折衷理论的拓展框架,分析了跨国公司研发活动全球化的动因。然后,结合创新价值链理论,对国际生产折衷理论进行了进一步的拓展,并在此框架下解释了跨国公司全球研发活动网络化的问题。最后,根据吸收能力的因果累积效应,分析了全球研发网络对我国创新价值链动态升级的影响。     

研究与开发的国际化及对我国的启示

跨国公司研发全球化已成为其全球经营战略的重要组成部分 ,并且近年来 ,跨国公司纷纷在华设立研发机构。文章探讨了跨国公司全球化的表现形式及动因 ,分析了跨国公司对华研发投资的意义 ,并提出了对策建议。     

A compared R&D-based and patent-based cross impact analysis for identifying relationships between technologies

The planning of technological research and development (R&D) is demanding in areas with many relationships between technologies. To support decision makers of a government organization with R&D planning in these areas, a methodology to make the technology impact more transparent is introduced. The method shows current technology impact and impact trends from the R&D of an organization's competitors and compares these to the technology impact and impact trends from the organization's own R&D. This way, relative strength, relative weakness, plus parity of the organization's R&D activities in technology pairs can be identified.A quantitative cross impact analysis (CIA) approach is used to estimate the impact across technologies. Our quantitative CIA approach contrasts to standard qualitative CIA approaches that estimate technology impact by means of literature surveys and expert interviews. In this paper, the impact is computed based on the R&D information regarding the respective organization on one hand, and based on patent data representative regarding R&D information of the organization's competitors on the other hand. As an illustration, the application field ‘defence’ is used, where many interrelations and interdependencies between defence-based technologies occur. Firstly, an R&D-based and patent-based Compared Cross Impact (CCI) among technologies is computed. Secondly, characteristics of the CCI are identified. Thirdly, the CCI data is presented as a network to show the overall structure and the complex relationships between the technologies. Finally, changes of the CCI are analyzed over time. The results show that the proposed methodology has the potential to generate useful insights for government organizations to help direct technology investments.     

虚拟R＆D组织知识管理模式研究

研究了虚拟R＆D组织知识管理模式的特点、运行基础、构成要素等方面的问题，提出了虚拟R＆D组织知识管理模式的基本架构，并对该模式在具体实施过程中应注意的问题进行了初步探讨，为进一步研究虚拟R＆D组织的知识管理模式打下了理论基础。     

Networked research: European policy intervention in ICTs

We use social network analysis to evaluate ‘behavioural’ additionality aspects of public programmes supporting research and development (R&D). The paper appraises empirically the partnership and knowledge networks created around the R&D activities of the Information Society Priority of the Sixth Research Framework Programme of the European Community. These emergent, scale-free networks are found to play an important role in generating and, especially, in diffusing knowledge by attracting key industry actors and by strengthening overall network connectivity through public support. Public policy should try to facilitate the development of more European organisations that can be characterised as global network hubs, on the one hand, and to draw larger numbers of the most dynamic small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) into these programmes, on the other, to avoid technological lock-ins and mitigate the resistance or network reorientation toward more productive research areas.     

Structural and geographical patterns of knowledge networks in emerging technological standards: evidence from the European GNSS industry

The concentration and dispersion of innovative activities in space have been largely explained and evidenced by the nature of knowledge and the geographical extent of knowledge spillovers. One of the empirical challenges is to go beyond this by understanding how the geography of innovation is shaped by particular structural properties of knowledge networks. This paper contributes to this challenge, focusing on the particular case of global navigation satellite systems at the European level. We exploit a database of R&D collaborative projects based on the fifth and sixth European Union Framework Programs, and apply social network analysis in economic geography. We study the properties both of the network of organizations and the network of collaborative projects. We show that the nature of the knowledge involved in relationships influences the geographical and structural organizations of the technological field. The observed coexistence of a relational core/periphery structure with a geographical cluster/pipeline one is discussed in the light of the industrial and geographical dynamics of technological standards.     

上海外资R＆D中心区位研究

经济全球化的迅猛发展,推动了跨国公司R＆D全球化进程,并成为学术界非常活跃的研究领域。文章通过实际调研,以GIS为手段实证研究了上海外商投资R＆D机构的区位分布及分异特征,并深入探讨了外商研发机构区位分异的原因。     

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MEETS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: GLOBALIZATION, INEQUALITY, AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES

I perform a Schumpeterian analysis of a world economy in which heterogenous individuals and firms endogenously respond to stronger global competition by undertaking more education and by spending more in research and development (R&D). A more globalized economy is predicted to exacerbate wage inequality, but to spur human capital accumulation within each country. However, despite its positive level effects on consumption and output, globalization can reduce each country's per-capita output growth rate. R&D specialization allows each country to positively invest in manufacturing, variety proliferation R&D, and product quality upgrading R&D. The existence of such an R&D specialization – jointly with domestic size – allows us to explain some different economic performance about inequality and R&D effort of developed regions, such as the US and the EU countries.     

全球化、信息化对长江三角洲空间结构的影响

全球化、信息化正日益成为影响区域与城市发展的重要动力。对于长江三角洲而言，这一新的动力机制对区域空间结构的影响正逐步显现。文章首先从全球化角度分析了跨国公司及全球资本流动对长江三角洲空间结构在宏观和微观层面的影响，指出跨国公司及全球资本流动加速了区域极化，并带来了区域与城市空间功能重构。其次从信息技术与知识创新角度分析了长江三角洲信息产业的发展及其空间结构，以及信息通讯网络、人才等智力资源对长江三角洲空间结构的影响。结果表明，长江三角洲的电子信息产业发展在空间分布上明显不均衡，沪宁沿线及沪杭甬沿线的新的空间增长极出现。而远程通讯网络和智力资源的空间差异则进一步加速了长江三角洲区域空间结构的转型。文章最后指出，全球化、信息化已经对长三角区域空间结构产生了重要影响。新的空间关系正被建立，同时，沪宁杭沿线城镇开始向以信息、知识活动为主的智能发展走廊演化，空间结构的内部联系更趋紧密。     

Managing global research and development in China: Patterns of R&D configuration and evolution

The growing internationalization of R&D activities challenges multinational corporations (MNCs) to formulate technology strategies and manage increasingly diffuse and diverse networks of R&D laboratories and alliances in the context of disparate national institutions. This paper examines the evolutionary processes of MNCs' R&D strategies in China in terms of two principal dimensions, i.e. geographic dispersion and functional focus. Based on a study of 378 international R&D centers and alliances established in China over the 1995-2001 period, we investigate the evolution of managing international R&D configurations in an emerging economy. The model is further illustrated with key findings from case studies of three leading high-tech MNCs in managing their global R&D operations in China over 1996-2004, specifically Fujitsu, Motorola and Nokia. This study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the globalization of R&D through foreign centers of scientific and technological excellence, which enables MNCs to innovate closer to their product markets and manufacturing facilities in emerging markets.     

创新网络空间格局形成机理及演化分析

针对创新网络空间格局如何形成及演化的问题,基于多元邻近视角剖析创新网络空间格局形成机理,运用Agent理论设计仿真算法,并基于Netlogo构建创新网络空间格局演化仿真平台。通过模拟实验发现：①多元邻近更有利于创新网络区域内、外部合作共生,且（跨区、内部）合作边数与区域面积、毗邻距离呈正、负相关;②社会邻近或技术邻近更有利于创新网络产生（绝对）空间集聚,且集聚态势与区域位置中心性呈正相关;③创新网络空间格局呈现随机型至斑块型（或均匀型）的动态演化趋势,且社会邻近或技术邻近更有利于创新网络产生均匀型空间格局,地理邻近或多元邻近更有利于创新网络产生斑块型空间格局;④地理因素作用下的创新网络（空间格局）仍保持幂律分布特性;⑤斑块型空间格局的创新绩效高于均匀型,且多元邻近下斑块型空间格局的创新绩效最高。     

合作研发中的技术距离、知识转化与能力获取:理论及案例

以不同技术距离情境下合作研发项目为分析单元,采用多案例方法对知识转化如何影响能力获取进行了探讨。研究发现:研发技术知识深度嵌入研发团队的行为中,且以不同的知识形式存在;技术距离表现为广度距离和深度距离,二者的交互效应决定了合作研发的技术距离情境;在不同的技术距离情境下,建立了知识转化推动研发能力获取的理论模型,探讨了不同知识转化形式的能力获取效应。拓展了对合作研发中研发知识及其转化形式的理解,对基于外部知识转化的研发能力获取具有启示作用。