经济全球化背景下民营企业的国际化战略思考——兼议"温州模式"国际化中典型缺陷改进

浙江温州是中国民营经济发展的典型,民营经济是温州模式的主要特征,对温州经济发展起着主导性和基础性的决定作用.本文以温州为例,对民营企业国际化战略进行了探讨,以期为正在实施国际化经营、拟实施国际化经营的民营企业提供指导性建议.     

企业经营国际化区域经济国际化中的温州模式

区域经济国际化是区域经济发展的必然趋势.进入21世纪之后,温州加快了区域经济国际化的发展步伐.基于温州经济发展的特点,温州的区域经济国际化战略应以"引进来"来带动"走出去"为主,而国际化战略实施的主体应该是温州民营企业.从温州民营企业具体的经营国际化形式来看,建立自主性营销网络、纵向一体化的国际化合作、合资、嵌入国际供应链以及全球资源整合等多种方式将成为当前温州民营企业经营国际化的主要途径.     

温州民营企业的国际化经营战略探析

<正>随着中国加入WTO,民营企业走向国际化道路已是必然趋势。温州是我国民营经济发源地,被誉为"民营之都",曾以"温州模式"闻名全国。温州模式是在我国长期计划经济体制造成的短缺经济和"卖方市场"中产生和发展的,具有"产权清晰、内源积累、区际贸易"的特点,同时也是一种典型的"内向式"发展模式。在这种模式下,温州民营企业发展所需要的各种资源要素     

温州模式下的海外经营战略分析

温州模式以其独特的经营特点,使得温州企业的海外经营管理也必须基于温州经济发展的特有优势。本文对温州民营企业进入海外市场的主要经营战略与方法进行了分析,以期为实现温州区域经济的国际化提供借鉴。     

制约民营企业可持续发展的内部问题浅析——以温州民营企业为例

温州民营企业是一个特殊的企业群体,前几年温州经济的迅速崛起,曾引起各行各业的人们去研究“温州模式”,去拷贝“温州模式”,但时至今日,随着新经济的到来,曾经创造辉煌业绩的温州民营企业正面临发展的“瓶颈”。究竟是什么原因导致这种现象,本文结合温州民营企业在发展过程中的特点,从内生论的视角着眼,主要对影响温州民营企业发展的企业主经营素质因素、人力资源配置因素、企业文化因素加以分析和探讨,以期能为人们从更深一个层面来了解温州民营企业提供一份参考。     

温州民营企业经营模式的启示

没任何一种经济模式像温州模式那样一直成为理论界研究的热点,温州民营企业是温州经济的主要组成部分,探讨技术创新、产业集群升级、走国际化路线和优化人力资源管理方面的启示对于温州民营企业具有重要的现实和理论意义。     

基于网络资源的企业国际化成长机理剖析——以温州民营国际化企业为例

企业与国际市场行为主体之间的以信任、合作和互惠为主要内容的社会性互动是企业国际化进程网络嵌入性的理论根源.通过将网络资源纳入到资源基础论的分析体系,构建了关系网络视角下企业国际化的"关系网络→网络资源→企业国际化"理论框架,最后结合温州民营企业国际化实践验证了这一框架的合理性.     

苏南模式、珠江模式与温州模式的比较分析

<正>自20世纪80年代我国沿海地区陆续出现的"苏南模式"、"温州模式"和"珠三角模式"为当地的发展产生了积极的作用。苏州模式可归结为一种以强势政府领导的、由FDI带动出口加工、以招商引资来发展外向型经济的区域国际化模式。温州模式是一种以温州商人为主体的、以国际市场为导向的、立足于区域内本土民营企业和传统制造业的区域国际化模式。珠三角模     

温州中小企业拓展国际市场的模式与策略研究

温州是中国改革开放的前沿阵地,温州经济是以发展个私经济和股份合作经济为主的中小企业经济,本文以企业国际市场进入模式决策的相关理论为基础,通过对温州中小企业国际化的实证分析,探讨温州中小企业如何选择国际市场进入模式,以及如何利用各种资源进入国际市场的相应策略。     

温州民营企业的国际化经营战略探析

随着中国加入WTO，民营企业走向国际化道路已是必然趋势。温州是我国民营经济发源地，被誉为“民营之都”，曾以“温州模式”闻名全国。温州模式是在我国长期计划经济体制造成的短缺经济和“卖方市场”中产生和发展的，具有“产权清晰、内源积累、区际贸易”的特点，同时也是一种典型的“内向式”发展模式。     

Firm Internationalization and Corporate Social Responsibility

Using a large sample of 3,040 U.S. firms and 16,606 firm-year observations over the 1991–2010 period, we find strong evidence that firm internationalization is positively related to the firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) rating. This finding persists when we use alternative estimation methods, samples, and proxies for internationalization and when we address endogeneity concerns. We also provide evidence that the positive relation between internationalization and CSR rating holds for a large sample of firms from 44 countries. Finally, we offer novel evidence that firms with extensive foreign subsidiaries in countries with well-functioning political and legal institutions have better CSR ratings. Our findings shed light on the role of internationalization in influencing multinational firms’ CSR activities in the U.S. and around the world.     

Internationalization strategy,financial constraints and assets (in)tangibility. A study of euro area countries after the 2008 crisis

This paper studies the determinants of companies’ performance during the crisis based on their short-term (sales changes) and medium-term (exit) reaction, using firms’ data from the European Firms in Global Economy (EFIGE) survey and combining them with balance-sheet statistics. The results, based on the four largest euro area countries show that vulnerability to the crisis depended on a company’s mode of international operation. More sophisticated forms of internationalization increased firms’ resilience in the first and second waves of the crisis. The paper also investigates the mediating role of intangible assets and financial constraints in the relationship between internationalization and companies’ response to the crisis. While intangible assets were very important for preventing a drop in sales for internationalized firms immediately after 2008, they amplified the probability of firms’ exit five years after the crisis in weaker European countries (Spain and Italy). At the same time, financial constraints increased companies’ probability of exit. Innovation prevented a drop in firms’ sales and firms’ exit.     

EMNEs venturing into advanced economies: Findings from comparative cases of two Indian MNEs

Indian firms are challenged by the latecomer disadvantages faced by emerging‐market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) in general. These challenges notwithstanding, Indian firms are doing cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs) in developed regions. Analyzing firm‐level secondary data of two Indian MNEs—namely, Motherson Sumi Systems Limited and Rain Industries Limited—that show significant developed region–based revenues and assets, we link extant and emerging theoretical perspectives on EMNEs’ internationalization with the observed firm motives and behaviors of our case firms. We propose a framework of multiple contextual settings to understand the context‐driven internationalization of the case firms. Finally, our article offers a set of propositions emphasizing firm‐level entrepreneurial orientation and international orientation, when EMNEs internationalize via CBAs in developed regions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Combinative capabilities and organizational learning in latecomer firms: the case of the Korean semiconductor industry

The emergence of firms from East Asian countries in advanced high-technology sectors such as semiconductors, is one of the striking features of world business developments over the course of the past decade. Explanations for the successes of such firms are commonly given in terms of transient, external or contingent factors, such as low costs or government subsides or just plain luck. In this paper an alternative account is given, based on resource leverage and organizational learning undertaken by the latecomer firms themselves. The paper develops a model of technological learning by latecomer firms, and then demonstrates its applicability in the case of the creation of a semiconductor industry in Korea. Data is presented to support the proposition that it is indeed single-loop and double-loop organizational learning that underpins these firms’ successful entry strategies. This approach sheds light on the strategies to be followed by firms in advanced countries when they seek to enter knowledge-intensive, high-technology sectors.     

Subnational institutions,political capital,and the internationalization of entrepreneurial firms in emerging economies

This study advances the institution-based view of strategy by integrating it with firm-specific capability considerations. In particular, we investigate the integrative influence of subnational-level home country institutional environments and firm-level political capital, as an important way to seek resources, on emerging economy entrepreneurial firms’ internationalization. With data from Chinese entrepreneurial firms, we find that the development of subnational institutional environments in the home country is related to firms’ degree of internationalization. Furthermore, while political capital with low-level governments enhances the effect of subnational institutions on internationalization, political capital with high levels of government has no such moderation effect. Theoretical and empirical contributions and implications are discussed.     

The Internationalization of Chinese Firms and Negative Media Coverage: The Case of Geely's Acquisition of Volvo Cars

Chinese firms are internationalizing at an unprecedented speed. One profound phenomenon linked to this active Chinese firms internationalization process is that the process tends to be confronted with negative media coverage of China and Chinese firms in Western countries. How to understand and cope with the negative image of China and Chinese firms, as they are often seen in the Western media, emerges as a relevant and timely research topic in the study of the internationalization of Chinese firms. The purpose of this article is to stimulate ideas for further research on the relations between the internationalization of Chinese firms and the media coverage. We use the case of Geely's acquisition of Volvo Cars, which was to a large extent negatively reported in the Swedish media during 2008–2013, as inspiration to identify the interesting research themes and questions. Given the increasing anti‐globalization trend, we hypothesize that Chinese firms will have to face up to the reality of negative media coverage in many Western countries for the foreseeable future, at least in the firms’ initial establishment phases. We end our paper with the managerial implications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The belt and road initiative,cultural friction and ethnicity: Their effects on the export performance of SMEs in China

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has provided Chinese firms with significant incentives to speed up the pace of internationalization. Yet very little international business (IB) research has been found to empirically examine such policy effects. This study explores this important issue using Chinese firms of different ethnicities in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of China. We propose that the BRI has a positive formal institutional effect on the export performance of XUAR firms that target the “Belt” countries. Both cultural friction and ethnicity serve as the unique cultural contingencies that moderate the relationship between the BRI and export performance. More specifically, the cultural friction that results from the process of internationalization will negatively affect the export performance prompted by the BRI. The Uygur-owned firms will benefit more from the BRI due to their cultural similarity. Overall, the study takes the lead in investigating both internal conditions and external environments that promote and inhibit the internationalization process of small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) in the XUAR that are geographically close to the “Belt” countries. The findings help enrich the understanding of the dual “push” and “drag” effects on the outcomes of SMEs’ international activities due to the government-led initiatives and the understanding of micro-foundation toward internationalization from an ethnicity perspective.     

How does R&D internationalization in multinational firms affect their innovative performance? The moderating role of international collaboration in the energy industry

This paper examines the effects of the degree and geographic diversification of a firm’s R&D internationalization on its innovative performance. We use an unbalanced panel dataset of 401 observations from 110 multinational firms operating in the energy industry over a period of six years to support the argument that both the degree and the geographic diversification of a firm’s R&D internationalization have an inverted U-shaped relationship with a firm’s innovative performance. Our results also show that collaboration among R&D units located in different countries moderates this relationship by reducing both the positive effects and the challenges of the degree of R&D internationalization. This paper extends the emerging innovation focus in the headquarters–subsidiary literature by contributing to our understanding of the implications of the international R&D activities of firms and supports the utilization of social exchange theory in order to identify the moderating influence of the collaboration among a firm’s R&D units located in different countries.     

社会情感财富与家族企业国际化：环境动态性的调节效应研究

文章基于浙江和重庆制造业家族企业的问卷调查数据,采用因子分析和多元回归分析方法,对中国情境下的家族企业社会情感财富进行了直接测量,并探讨了社会情感财富对家族企业国际化的影响及国内行业环境动态性的调节效应,研究结果表明：中国家族企业社会情感财富可区分为家族控制、家族认同、社会资本、家族代际传承意愿4个不同方面;家族代际传承意愿对家族企业国际化有显著的正向影响,社会资本对家族企业国际化有显著的负向影响;随着国内行业环境动态性的增加,家族代际传承意愿对家族企业国际化的正向影响程度减弱,社会资本对家族企业国际化的负向影响程度增强。     

Latecomer catch-up strategies in electronics: Samsung of Korea and ACER of Taiwan

Very little is known about the strategies by which East Asian firms acquired foreign technology and managed to ‘catch up’ in electronics. Unlike Western and Japanese innovation ‘leaders’ and ‘followers’, East Asian firms are ‘latecomers’, dislocated from advanced markets, demanding buyers and international sources of technology. This work examines the cases of two leading latecomers - Samsung Electronics of Korea and ACER of Taiwan - to generate insights into how electronics manufacturers overcame barriers to entry and became strong competitors on the world stage. The aim is to highlight the sources, paths and mechanisms of learning in the two firms, relating these patterns to corporate strategy, organization and performance. This contribution argues that latecomers reversed the traditional research and development centred pattern of innovation, travelling backwards along the product life cycle, from mature to early stages. A simple model is put forward to show how latecomer firms progressed up the technological ladder within the electronics subcontract system called original equipment manufacture. Attention is also drawn to theoretical implications and the strengths, remaining weaknesses and future challenges facing latecomer firms.