From voluntary to state control and the emergence of the department in UK hospital accounting

This paper explores the development and diffusion of accounting techniques in UK hospitals and finds that attempts to utilise accounting data, for performance measurement and control, predate the introduction of the NHS in 1948. The main focus of the paper is the move from the uniform system of accounts, first introduced in 1893, to departmental accounting information in 1956. After identifying the antecedent accounting conditions the paper explores both why and how change occurred by analysing the roles of dominant individuals, institutions, political and economic forces that led to the introduction of departmental accounting. The process of change, after the nationalisation of the hospitals in 1948, had a significant impact on the accounting technology adopted: with departmental budgeting being dropped. Finally, the role of the medical profession in the departmentalisation debate is explored and possible explanations for the reluctance to adopt new management accounting techniques are discussed.     

会计环境对企业会计准则执行效果的影响——基于应计质量的经验证据

本文旨在调查两个相互关联的问题:企业会计准则施行后财务报告应计质量是否发生了显著变化?这种变化是否与会计环境相关?我们采用经典的截面琼斯模型估计操控性应计利润,以其绝对值计量应计质量,利用2001~2009年7722个上市公司样本观察值进行了统计检验,发现企业会计准则施行后应计质量下降。在给定企业会计准则是一套高质量准则的前提下,我们进一步分析应计质量下降的原因。经验证据表明:在会计环境不同的地区,上市公司应计质量的变化存在系统性差异。这反映会计环境影响了企业会计准则的执行效果。     

对会计专业课教学方法的研究与实践

教学方法是实现教学任务的手段。为了达到不同的教学目的,可采用不同的教学方法。为适应会计人才日益市场化、国际化的需求,在会计教学方法上应进行改革。本文在总结传统的会计专业教学方法的基础上,结合多年的教学实践,提出了适应新形势的现代教学方法。     

Accounting and the emergence of care pathways in the National Health Service

This paper examines the effects of New Public Management reforms on the information infrastructure underpinning the work of public service professionals. Focussing on the case of the British National Health Service (NHS), the paper argues that hospital accounting reforms played a significant role in the emergence of standardised models of clinical practice. The paper moreover argues that, under the label ‘care pathways’, such standardised models of clinical practice became embedded in the information infrastructure of the NHS and concludes by discussing their implications for the work of doctors and hospital accountants.     

新世纪会计教育教学基本问题研究

关于会计教育教学的系统性认识问题,就是如何将会计教育教学系统置于会计这个大的动态开放系统中来全面、立体、结构化认识的问题。会计教育是一个复杂开放系统,构成要素众多。其中两个关键性因素现代化教育理念和培养目标的确定关系着现代会计教育的现实生存与未来发展。通过梳理现代化教育理念(人本教育、素质教育和终身教育)及在我院会计教育中的运用,分析了我院目前传统会计教育理念的影响及较单一的会计教育培养目标,提出转变教育理念,构建层次分明的结构性培养目标,为我院不同层次会计教育的未来发展提供初步建议。     

会计刑事法律责任问题思考

会计刑事责任是最具威慑力的制裁形式,能够起到强大的震慑作用,但目前我国会计信息失真已经达到"公害"的地步,可见会计刑事责任存有不足。笔者运用法律基本原理分析问题,指出会计刑事法律责任不符合罪刑相适应原则、在认定上缺乏具体的技术标准,并提出完善会计刑事法律责任的建议。     

A study of earnings-management motives in the Anglo-American and Euro-Continental accounting models: The Canadian and French cases

The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors that potentially influence earnings-management policy with reference to the Anglo-American and Euro-Continental accounting models. Canada and France, respectively, belong to those different socio-economic environments. Earnings-management practices detected in those countries are expected to be affected by specific socio-economic features of the Anglo-American and the Euro-Continental environments. We explain earnings-management practices by incentives suggested in the literature to reveal which motives are prominent within each environment.We tested our earnings-management motives (EMM) model using appropriate panel-estimation techniques over 1674 Canadian and 1470 French firm-year observations. Our results provide evidence that incentives for earnings management for French firms are specifically linked to contractual debt costs and effective tax rate. However, Canadian firms show specific incentives matched with a dynamic capital market. Issuing equity is a strong motive for earnings management in Canadian firms.     

英国养老金改革立法过程及其对中国的启示

社会改革立法是一个认识规律、协调利益和除旧布新的过程。这一过程在英国养老金个人账户改革立法中体现的尤为明显。英国社保立法一般需要经过独立评估、政府咨询和议会审议三个阶段,其中独立评估是其他工作的基础,因此对改革方案的设计和法案的顺利通过至关重要。中国《社会保险法》在制定过程中深入细致的调查、客观独立的评估还有待进一步加强,在评估调查基础之上的观点争鸣和利益协调还有待进一步开展,在利益协调中达成的广泛共识还有待进一步凝聚。因此,中国亟需学习和掌握社会改革立法的一般规律,完善社会保险立法。     

高校基于XBRL技术会计信息化人才培养的必要性

由于XBRL技术的特性,自20世纪90年代以来,世界各国纷纷将XBRL技术应用到财务报告领域,实现了财务报告数据的标准化。2009年4月,我国财政部确立了以XBRL技术为先导的会计信息化目标,2010年10月,我国又发布了XBRL技术规范国家标准和基于会计准则的XBRL通用分类标准。但是在我国很少有高校将XBRL技术引入到会计信息化教学中,XBRL技术人才储备严重不足,这在一定程度上延滞了我国以XBRL技术为主导的会计信息化目标的实现。本文将对高校XBRL技术会计信息化人才培养必要性进行探讨。     

财务会计目标之透视

财务会计目标是会计准则的基石,用来指引整个财务会计概念框架和会计准则体系的构建,在会计准则制定工作中起重要的导航作用。本文在对财务会计目标综述的基础上,分析了我国会计环境对财务会计目标的影响;进一步明确了在我国目前的会计环境下,财务会计目标应定位于"决策有用观+受托责任观"。     

公允价值计量模式应用对商业银行的影响分析

新会计准则引入了公允价值计量模式,建立了完整的确认和计量体系.本文从商业银行角度入手,对公允价值计量模式在新准则中的具体应用进行了分析,提出了商业银行应提高对市场的风险管理能力,通过有效地确认公允价值来进一步提升商业银行会计信息的质量和透明度.     

经常账户的失衡:对国际融资悖论的跨时均衡分析

本文借助跨时均衡的分析框架，从动态的视角对经常账户失衡的产生根源、福利后果以及调节机制进行经济学意义上的诠释。本文认为，全球经常账户失衡是各国跨时均衡机制作用的结果，该机制也可用来解释当前的“长期利率之谜”。跨时均衡的市场机制对经常账户具有调节作用，其前提条件是经常账户顺差国的生产率持续快于逆差国。但过分依赖市场机制来调整失衡将是相当缓慢且充满风险的，各国的结构性调整政策势在必行。自由贸易对失衡的自动调节具有重要作用。然而，随着多哈回合谈判的搁浅，目前跨时均衡的市场机制正受到贸易保护主义抬头的威胁。我们必须积极应对经常项目顺差带来的一系列问题，努力防范“贫困化增长”。     

The development of inflation accounting in Turkey

Turkey, as a developing country, suffered from high inflation rates for many years. However inflation accounting was not applied till the year 2003 because of some political reasons. The high rates of inflation heavily distorted the financial statements of the companies in Turkey. The companies tried to benefit from the incentives in the Turkish Tax Regulation negating the effect of inflation till the year 2003. At the beginning of 2004 inflation accounting was applied at last. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the effects of inflation on the companies in Turkey and what they did in order to protect from the distortions of inflation till the year 2003. Also the regulations of the Ministry of Finance and Capital Market Board considering inflation adjustment were examined and compared by illustrations.     

我国政府会计改革取向研究——比较分析的视角

政府会计改革是未来我国财政管理改革的重要内容,西方国家的相关改革探索和实践为我国提供了有益的借鉴和启示。论文对国外政府会计改革的总体情况和主要会计模式进行比较分析,提出我国推行政府会计改革,应更新理念,积极创造政府会计改革的基础条件;循序渐进,审慎推进权责发生制改革;明确政府会计体系范围,建立政府会计概念框架和具体准则体系;改革和充实现有决算报表体系,建立政府财务报告制度。     

The Use of Foreign Accounting Data in UK Financial Institutions

Globalisation of securities markets has caused many members of the investment community to use foreign accounting data. This paper examines how this foreign data is used by some London-based participants in the market. Areas for examination are established after looking at the extensive published research on the use of domestic accounting data and the small amount of published research in an international context. Twenty-one market participants were interviewed, although four of these were treated as a pilot, so that most findings were based on 17 interviewees working for six institutions. If this sample is representative, our findings suggest that market participants are inexpert in accounting; sector experts see international accounting differences as a hindrance but country experts do not; participants use foreign accounting data for analysis but very few adjust it (although fund managers think that analysts do); there is some avoidance of countries or sectors for accounting reasons; and there is very little knowledge of international accounting differences.     

The Long-run Effects of the Italian Pension Reforms

The paper analysesthe reforms of the Italian mandatory pension scheme for employeeslegislated in the 1990s. To assess the effects of the reforms,a microsimulation model calibrated on cross-section data is developed.The model is aimed at estimating the average income of a memberof a cohort, as well as the average per capita income of allindividuals alive in a given year. The long-run effects of thereform are analysed, comparing the characteristics of alternativefinancing schemes. A substantial improvement of the equity aswell as the long-run sustainability of the Italian public pensionschemes emerges. However, the dreary demographic scenario callsfor further tightening of eligibility rules sometime in the nextdecades if long-run sustainability of public debt is to be achieved.On the basis of sensitivity analysis, some changes aimed at hedgingthe system against unexpected shocks are suggested.     

浅析我国会计信息化进程中XBRL应用问题

随着现代网络和信息技术的发展,中国提出了国家信息化发展战略,其中会计信息化也是整个国家信息化战略的重要组成部分。可扩展商业报告语言（eXtensidle Business Reporting Language,简称XBRL）自1998年诞生至今,在全球范围内的会计信息化领域引起了一场革命。为了推动我国的会计信息化建设,就必须分析我国XBRL应用过程存在的问题,进而探讨相应的对策,以保证其在会计信息化工作中的应用优势。     

The Withdrawal of Current Cost Accounting in the United Kingdom: A Study of the Accounting Standards Committee

Evidence from the archives of the U.K. Accounting Standards Committee (ASC) is used to trace the events leading to the withdrawal of the current cost accounting standard, SSAP 16, from 1980 to 1988. Three central issues are addressed. First, the ASC's role as a regulatory body is considered in the light of the failure to obtain compliance with SSAP 16 and to find an acceptable replacement. Second, the decline in support for SSAP 16 is explained in terms of changes in the economic environment. Third, the roles of different interest groups in the process are analysed.     

股权结构与会计信息质量——以熵权法所构建的会计信息质量指数为基础的经验研究

采用熵权法构建会计信息质量指数作为综合会计信息质量的替代变量,考察会计信息质量与股权结构之间的关系。实证结果表明,会计信息质量与股权集中度、股权制衡度、第一类机构投资者所占比例显著正相关;与第二类投资者及股东大会执行效率显著负相关;与股票流通比例和控制权争夺之间则不存在显著的相关关系。     

The value relevance of disclosure: Evidence from the emerging capital market of Egypt

This study examines the value of voluntary and mandatory disclosure in a market that applies International Accounting Standards (IAS) with limited penalties for non compliance. The lack of enforcement creates an element of choice in the level of mandatory disclosure by companies. Using panel-data analysis, our empirical results show that, after controlling for factors such as asset size and profitability, mandatory disclosure has a highly significant but negative relationship with firm value. This result, although puzzling from a traditional perspective, is consistent with the predictions of analytical accounting models, which emphasize the complex interplay of factors determining disclosure effects. Our results also show that voluntary disclosure has a positive but insignificant association with firm value. This lack of statistical significance supports the view that there is a complex interplay of different factors determining the relationship between disclosure and firm value.