The development of the Dutch national accounts as a tool for analysis and policy

Since the start of modern national accounting in the 1930s, the Netherlands has played a dominant role in the development of the national accounts. This paper discusses the origins and development of the Dutch national accounts. This includes the surprisingly slow start of political arithmetic in the Netherlands, the views of van Cleeff and Tinbergen on planning and national accounting, the role of Derksen and Oomens as fathers of the Dutch national accounts, the Dutch School of National Accounting, the interaction with national statistics and the role of the international guidelines and the European Union. The paper also takes a look into the future. The major challenges are to bridge the gap with data users and to increase relevance by, e.g. extended accounts, long-term time series on government finance and modules on education, health care and social security.     

The SAM and Beyond: Open,SESAME!

The revised 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) contains a chapter on social accounting matrices (SAMs), demonstrating that the input-output approach should be extended to a matrix presentation of a wider set of national accounts. This article describes the application of that chapter to the case of Indonesia, and elaborates on the linkage of a SAM to all kinds of supplementary (non-monetary) data sets. This should yield a system of economic and social account-ing matrices and extensions (SESAME), i.e. a consistent meso-level information system from which major economic and social macro-indicators can be derived. By way of example, detailed employment figures that belong to a SESAME for Indonesia are presented.     

A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates' cross-cultural adjustment

This paper offers a model to describe the way in which female expatriates develop relationships and utilize those relationships to become cross-culturally adjusted. This model includes three predictive components affecting cross-cultural adjustment. The first includes the factors affecting whether a woman is able to form relationships on the expatriate assignment. These antecedents can include the female expatriate's personality, the cultural norms towards women, her language skills and the availability of possible opportunities for interaction. The second component includes the various sources of social interaction and social support (e.g. family members, and host national colleagues). The third component describes the nature of a female expatriate's social interaction and social support (e.g. emotional, informational and instrumental). Practical considerations for multinational organizations sending female expatriates are offered.     

Regionalizing National Commodity-by-Industry Accounts

Exended input–output (IO) models are increasingly prominent in regional economic analysis. Social accounting matrices and associated multiplier decompositions, IO econometric model hybrids and computable general equilibrium models are finding greater acceptance in contexts in which simple IO models once dominated. Although the extended regional models build primarily on the foundation of regional, interindustry accounting frameworks, the data from which these regional accounts are drawn are most commonly in the form of a national commodity-by-industry account. Despite this longstanding fact, the IO table adaptation literature has focused almost solely on methods of adapting national interindustry accounts to regional economies. This paper presents a method designed specifically to regionalize commodity-by-industry accounts, in the context of the US reporting system. The focus on commodity-by-industry data demands a confrontation with several important issues that otherwise might go unattended. Using a particular system and its accompanying classification scheme ensures a comprehensive and consistent regionalization method.     

对农民工社会保障问题的思考

在科学发展下努力建设社会主义和谐社会的今天,农民工日益成为我国劳动力市场的一大主力军,一个发展国民经济不可或缺的部分,但农民工群体存在的问题特别是社会保障问题很不尽人意,正视农民工社会保障问题并积极探讨解决对策势在必行。文中从我国农民工社会保障的必要性和现状分析,提出了一些建设性对策。     

Microfinance and social capital formation- a social network analysis approach

The microcredit program has emerged as an important poverty alleviation strategy over the last three decades, and several studies have examined its economic impacts on the community well-being. However, far too little attention has been paid to the effects of micro credits on community social connection and solidarity. This paper aims to examine the application of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to explore the impact of the rural microcredit fund on community social capitals. In doing so, the data on interactions of four rural development groups' members before and after the microcredit project implementation were collected using participatory workshops in Neyzar village of Qom province in Iran. The data were analyzed by Ucinet software, and the socio-graphs were produced by the NetDraw application. The results show that, more people have been involved in the social interactions after the project implementation and there was statistically significant increase in density and decrease in centralization of cooperation network. Furthermore, there were no important distinctions in centrality of people with various educational levels before and after the project implementation. Overall, it can be concluded that, the microfinance initiative considerably promotes the community social capital and participation in the rural development activities. Moreover, the SNA techniques are applicable as an impact assessment tool to investigate changes in community social capital.     

Measurement and its Uses: Harmonization and Quality in Social Statistics

The European construction has induced a strong demand of harmonization of statistics of the various countries. The latter can be focused on an harmonization of outputs , already practised for a long time by national accountants: the statistical variables are defined in common, then each country measures them according to its own means. On the other hand, the harmonization of inputs, more ambitious, seeks a standardization of all the construction process and data collection. This leads to distinguish clearly the two moments of use and of production of economic and social statistics. Now the same distinction is made in the debates over the notion of quality of statistics, which contrast the quality of the product with the one of the process. This quality cannot be judged independently from the expected uses of these statistics and of their form of social credibility. From this point of view, the various harmonization levels are compared with the various forms of connection and convertibility between the national currencies.     

我国社会责任会计体系的理论框架研究

到目前为止,我国还没有建立起一套较为完善的社会责任会计理论框架。而实务中,在某些领域已涉及到了社会责任的披露,这种理论研究滞后的状况将影响社会责任会计的发展。本文就我国社会责任会计体系的理论框架做出一些探讨。     

国家介入、社会工程与社区发育——以上海七宝镇为例对江南市镇两度繁盛机理的比较论析

江南市镇在其发展过程中形成了明清及当代时序上的两次兴盛期.但是这两次兴盛表征背后所展现的社区发育逻辑有很大的不同.以上海市郊七宝古镇为例,其第一次兴盛的机理是在国家悬置的背景下,依靠其内部产业发展及市场交易带动而实现的近代市镇繁华;而第二次兴盛则是在国家介入以后.通过政府规划设计社会工程,以旅游业为突破口.而带来的当代...     

我国民族地区学校教育的社会支持力分析

教育是一种社会活动,教育事业必须必需得到社会支持才能顺利开展。在我国由于民族众多,每个民族所处自然环境和社会环境不尽相同,因此在国家统一的教育体制中下,各民族对教育的社会支持力也各有差异。尤其在自然环境差异和民族语言差异方面,其教育经费的扩大化,制约了社会对学校教育的支持力,严重地影响着民族地区的教育发展。这就需要对民族地区的教育体制进行改革与创新,使我国的民族教育获得长足的发展,以推进少数民族地区的社会经济发展。     

European Structural Indicators,A Way Forward

At the 2000 Lisbon summit, the European Union formulated the ambition to transform itself into "the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion'. It is remarkable that, until recently, European statisticians were hardly involved in the design of a statistical information system and related "structural' indicators for this important policy purpose. Instead, indicators have been designed that do not measure what they intend to measure, are based on incomparable data and give the impression of a fairly incoherent shopping list of numbers without an underlying vision on the use of these numbers in policy making. This paper argues that indicators can best be based on a coherent accounting system, such as the national accounts, and that the SESAME- system, which is an extension of national accounts and so-called Social Accounting Matrices, offers promising perspectives in this regard.     

Data revisions to German national accounts: Are initial releases good nowcasts?

Data revisions to national accounts pose a serious challenge to policy decision making. Well-behaved revisions should be unbiased, small, and unpredictable. This article shows that revisions to German national accounts are biased, large, and predictable. Moreover, with use of filtering techniques designed to process data subject to revisions, the real-time forecasting performance of initial releases can be increased by up to 23%. For total real GDP growth, however, the initial release is an optimal forecast. Yet, given the results for disaggregated variables, the averaging out of biases and inefficiencies at the aggregate GDP level appears to be good luck rather than good forecasting.     

全国民用汽车保有量情景预测研究

民用汽车保有量与社会经济发展有着密切关系,本文通过将情景分析和计量经济学结合,寻求民用汽车保有量和社会经济有关指标的函数关系。根据全国的统计数据,得到全国民用汽车保有量的预测模型,预测出全国在2009年民用汽车保有量为930至1030万辆,2010年民用汽车保有量为980至1230万辆。     

An envelopment-based approach to measuring regional social progress

Today, more than ever, it is becoming evident that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) alone is not sufficient in guiding national development strategies. In this sense, measuring the social progress of a country can provide an additional lens on national performance, which would eventually help policymakers to not only gain an advanced understanding of the ways that would unleash greater long-term economic success, but also be able to propose strategies that would create the conditions for all individuals in a society to reach their full potential, enhancing and sustaining the quality of their lives. In this paper, we propose a method to measure social progress at the sub-national level, with an application to the Peruvian regions. As such, this paper builds a unified envelopment-based model for integrating a two-stage process of the index generation. We compare and contrast the radial and non-radial envelopment approaches; it is evident from the model that the non-radial approach provides better insights when compared to the radial approach.     

城市规划、城市空间环境建设与城市社会发展

在社会发展、社会发展目标内涵的基础上,总结了近现代城市规划中蕴涵的社会思想,分析了城市空间环境建设与城市社会发展目标之间的相互作用关系,提出了与城市规划建设相关的社会发展目标,并探讨了有助于实现社会发展目标的城市规划调控与改革的方向.     

我国对国民经济核算的贡献

国民经济核算是国民经济分析和政策的重要工具。改革开放以来,我国统计理论界的专家学者和实际工作部门的工作者从实际出发,理论联系实际,不断开拓创新,不仅推动了我国统计事业的不断发展,而且对国民经济核算理论与方法的发展做出了较大的贡献,主要包括四个方面:提出国民经济核算的平衡原则,消除了理论与方法上的误解;创立社会劳动价值论,奠定了我国国民经济核算体系的理论基础;提出国民大核算理论,明确了国民经济核算理论与方法的发展方向;整合MPS与SNA,丰富了国民经济核算的理论与方法     

From a System of National Accounts to a Process of National Wellbeing Accounting

There are repeated calls to go ‘Beyond GDP’, for measures of wellbeing and progress in addition to those that the System of National Accounts (SNA) is designed to provide. We identify key issues that can help build on the rigour of SNA whilst fitting the measurement of economic performance within a broader assessment of national wellbeing and progress. Such drivers are already leading to a proliferation of indicators and accounts, for example in the development of non‐monetary measures of natural resources, but there are significant measurement challenges, not least the question of whether a single, overall measure or index of wellbeing is valid. But the challenge of measurement, per se, is one thing: in our view, a more critical issue is whether the measures will actually be used. We propose a dynamic and multi‐staged approach for developing SNA, embracing the production and use of measures. This would start by identifying user requirements for wider measures, to provide the basis for national and cross‐national developments in well‐being accounting. We envisage greater branding and marketing of national well‐being concepts to promote measures and support their use. We call for outreach by producers, so that there is dialogue about the development and use of measures.     

基本养老保险基金：做实账户制还是名义账户制？

我国城镇企业职工基本养老保险个人账户在本质上体现的是养老权而不是财产权,基本养老保险个人财户权益的根本意义在于保障企业职工的社会养老权。我国从2001年开始实行做实企业职工基本养老保险个人账户试点,这不仅未能化解养老金支付风险,而且加大了养老保险基金保值增值难度,基金贬值程度也随着做实比例的提高而增大。另外,做实个人账户抬高了储蓄率并抑制了投资和消费需求,对经济发展产生了挤出效应。为解决上述问题,应建立更加公平可持续的养老金制度,通过名义账户制从根本上体现企业职工的财产权和社会养老权,解决做实账户制所出现     

浦东新区极化开发的负社会外部性研究

当前中国正处于工业化和城市化加速发展时期,城市规模和数量在不断增长,对于城市未来和城市居民福利的关注,已经使人们在最近几年对于城市问题引发了许多的关注.过去人们只关注于极化开发的经济功能,而忽视极化开发造成人口大量流入、快速城市化造成的城市社会结构和城市功能结构转变引发的负社会外部性问题.本文探索了极化开发造成负社会外部性的机理,并利用人口普查资料及其它社会经济统计资料,分析浦东新区极化开发的集聚效应和负社会外部性.当前浦东新区极化开发引发的负外部性问题如社会极化、社区重组、社会隔离、就业压力已经开始显现,并对浦东新区的社会稳定和可持续发展产生一定的影响.浦东新区极化开发产生的负社会外部性问题在中国其它许多大城市也开始凸显,因此,如何最大限度地减少极化开发的负社会外部性问题应引起重视.