EXTENSIONS TO THE MULTIPLIER DECOMPOSITION APPROACH IN A SAM FRAMEWORK: AN APPLICATION TO VIETNAM

The aim of this paper is to provide an extension of a technique recently introduced by Pyatt and Round (2006) to decompose each element of the ‘global multiplier matrix’ in ‘microscopic detail’ in order to capture the linkages between each household groups’ income and the exogenously injected income of other accounts. The methodology we propose allows dividing the impact of exogenous injections into four different effects: direct-direct effect (D-D); direct-indirect effect (D-I); indirect-direct effect (I-D) and indirect-indirect effect (I-I). Results using the 2000 Vietnamese SAM show that the highest direct effects on the income of household groups are related to exogenous injections into the agricultural sector, while the highest indirect effects result from investing in other agriculture-related sectors such as, for example, food processing. Policy interventions focusing on the agricultural sector and on rural households will thus have the greatest effect on reducing the level of income inequality.     

Financial Social Accounting Matrix: a useful tool for understanding the macro-financial linkages of an economy

This article extends the traditional methodology of social accounting by building a Financial Social Accounting Matrix (FSAM) and a corresponding Satellite Asset–Liability Matrix for Spain. In so doing, the difficulties that typically arise in consolidating data from the National Bureau of Statistics (INE) and the Bank of Spain (BdE) were overcome. This is the first FSAM for the Spanish economy and might provide new tools to deepen the analysis of the financial sector and of the determinants of financial vulnerability associated with interactions with other sectors of the economy. As a novel contribution to the literature, this paper incorporated a structural path analysis grounded in the FSAM multiplier to identify the principal paths through which financial shocks are transmitted.     

社会环境会计构建的经济学分析

西方学者将环境会计与社会会计结合构建了社会环境会计,这是因为人类社会的发展归根结底是人类与其所处社会环境与自然环境对立统一、协调共进的动态过程,我国对这方面的研究显得明显不足。本文就构建我国社会环境会计的必要性和可行性进行经济学分析,以推动我国环境会计理论研究与实践的发展。     

论企业社会责任会计信息披露体系构建

揭示并报告社会责任相关信息,己经成为产业界、会计界的共识。本文在已有研究的基础上,从社会责任会计信息披露的理论入手,结合我国企业社会责任会计信息披露的现状,分别从社会责任会计信息披露目标、质量要求、计量方法、模式等方面进行了分析,拟构建适合我国企业社会责任会计信息披露体系。     

社会责任会计理论研究:回顾、综述与思考

本文以我国社会责任会计理论研究的文献为样本,对社会责任会计理论研究进行了分类总结,对社会责任会计的各种观点进行了综述,对未来社会责任会计理论研究提出了相关建议。     

企业社会责任会计信息披露体系构建的思考

社会责任会计的出现,极大地推动了企业从微观利益目标向宏观利益目标的转移,对社会经济的可持续发展以及构建和谐社会、环境友好型社会都具有很强的战略意义,揭示并报告社会责任相关信息,己经成为产业界、会计界的共识。文章着重分析了企业在社会责任信息披露的现状,并针对存在的问题提出了社会责任会计信息披露体系的构建和相应对策。     

投入产出表和社会核算矩阵更新研究评述

本文对投入产出(IO)表和社会核算矩阵(SAM)更新方法进行了归类和比较评述。主要观点:第一,已有的IO表或SAM更新方法主要分为统计学方法、优化法和宏观经济学分析方法;第二,以现代经济学为基础的更新技术应引起高度重视;第三,在非普查年份,统计部门应制度化地开展重点IO系数调查,并将相关数据及时公开化;第四,在实际操作中应正确认识更新中已知信息的地位,并注意更新中的保号性问题。     

Updating and Estimating a Social Accounting Matrix Using Cross Entropy Methods

The problem in estimating a social accounting matrix (SAM) for a recent year is to find an efficient and cost-effective way to incorporate and reconcile information from a variety of sources, including data from prior years. Based on information theory, the paper presents a flexible 'cross entropy' (CE) approach to estimating a consistent SAM starting from inconsistent data estimated with error, a common experience in many countries. The method represents an efficient information processing rule-using only and all information available. It allows incorporating errors in variables, inequality constraints, and prior knowledge about any part of the SAM. An example is presented, applying the CE approach to data from Mozambique, using a Monte Carlo approach to compare the CE approach to the standard RAS method and to evaluate the gains in precision from utilizing additional information.     

收入分配与社会福利函数

本文借助最优化方法,建立了分布不确定前提下的社会福利评价模型,研究了最优分布函数与偏好之间的关系,获得了帕累托分布和指数分布为最优分布的条件。本文还在给定条件下导出了社会福利函数的一般表达式,将社会福利函数表示为最低收入水平、平均水平和基尼系数的函数。这一表达形式既有前人提出的一些典型社会福利函数的优点,又克服了其缺陷。最后,本文对社会福利函数的政策含义进行了讨论并就重构宏观经济学微观基础提出了一些思路。     

公允价值会计:以历史和环境为视角的研究

本文通过对公允价值会计演进历史的回顾,及对公允价值会计适用的经济环境的分析,说明公允价值计量属性和经济的虚拟性有着密切关系,同时履行中合约的会计处理,也促使人们采用公允价值这一计量属性。笔者认为会计准则建设中适时的体现会计计量的公允性,不仅对整个财务会计系统建构有着重要意义,而且也充分体现了会计中的“真实和公允”的原则。     

Social Change: Measurement and Theory*

Societal change, which takes a variety of directions and forms and in no way can be assimilated or reduced to a single dimension, is often accompanied by a perception of insufficient understanding and lack of control. There is a frustrated need for mastering complexity and instability, separating the voluntary from the involuntary, the intended from the unintended, opportunities from risks, getting to the real causes and dominating the uncertain implications of social change. Social change catches us unprepared and confused. In this context statistics are generally considered a fundamental instrument of knowledge, but also part of the problem! In the public debate and in the specialized literature, the ability to measure social phenomena through current statistics and indicators is increasingly questioned. Data-it is claimed-are lacking, particularly longitudinal data; their quality (accuracy, relevance, timeliness, comparability, etc.) should be improved; indicators do not provide early warning signals, policy performance evaluation, and a precise indication of outcomes. Statistics cannot be used as a reliable and timely basis for decision making by individuals, organizations, governments, and for understanding these decisions. In some cases, statistics have been accused of giving a misleading and false picture of reality: do we measure the real extent of social exclusion and unemployment? Do we fully capture the quality of life and the degradation of the environment? Mismeasurement has been deemed by some commentators as being responsible for the wrong focus in inflation and stabilization policies, science and technology, unemployment and poverty. The productivity paradox, the informal economy, failure to measure welfare and the quality of urban life are instances where statistics do not seem to provide complete and satisfactory answers to the demand for information and knowledge. Our paper illustrates how, quite independently of measurement techniques and data production processes, the inadequacy of the conceptual framework may explain mismeasurement in relation to complex (multidimensional) and dynamic social phenomena. It is then to social theories, explanations and interpretations that statisticians need to turn, in order to come to grips with the new challenges in social measurement. We will develop this thesis looking at a few cases where measurement issues can be connected to both theoretical and empirical difficulties. The statistical gap which reveals itself in the mismeasurement or difficult measurement of social phenomena is closely interconnected with the social science gap. Only close collaboration between statisticians and social scientists can bring about continuous advancement in social science and quality improvement in social statistics.     

Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Ecuador: A CGE Macro-Microsimulation Analysis

Cross-country analysis of the aggregate growth-poverty link is likely to miss important country-specific detail and possible offsetting forces in the underlying labour market adjustment process. This paper combines a CGE model analysis with a microsimulations approach to analyse the effects of trade liberalization on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador. The CGE model enables us to disentangle the general equilibrium effects of various trade policy scenarios on sector output, employment, factor incomes and household consumption. However, as is typical of CGE models, this analysis only provides distribution results for fairly aggregated groups of workers and a reduced number of representative households. The microsimulations approach adds the full distribution to the analysis and allows simulation of the effects of trade reform on the job status and remuneration of individual workers and thereby on household income distribution and poverty. The macro- microsimulation results indicate that the trade opening in Ecuador induced mild aggregate welfare gains, but rising income inequality due to rising wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers implies virtually no poverty-reducing effect from trade liberalization.     

京瓷的大家族主义经营与管理会计——稻盛经营管理方式和单位时间核算制度

京瓷株式会社是日本一家基于独自经营哲学——稻盛经营管理方式而快速发展起来的大型公司。稻盛经营管理方式是由阿米巴组织、以单位时间核算为基础的管理会计制度而构成。面对多变的经营环境,阿米巴组织伸缩自如,变化自主,它的形成基础并不是事业部制组织,而是以职能制组织为基础的生产线核算组织。单位时间核算是阿米巴组织中核心的会计概念。单位时间核算的具体计算方法是,首先按部门类别进行核算,即每一个阿米巴组织的销售额与费用相配比,接着将分部门核算的结果与总的劳动时间相除,获得单位时间阿米巴组织的核算结果。需要明确的是:(1)单位时间核算得出的收益减去计时工资之差就是单位时间净利润;(2)生产部门的阿米巴组织与经营部门的阿米巴组织本着规避机会损失的内在要求,会形成一个共同的价值链,进而推进阿米巴组织的管理效率,实现公司整体利益的最大化。基于稻盛经营管理方式下的管理会计模式是京瓷在大家族主义经营哲学影响下所造就的杰出成果。     

Structural Change in Poland, 1980–90: Evidence from Social Accounting Multipliers and Linkage Analysis

The 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s have witnessed a period of economic reforms in Poland. The paper uses aggregated social accounting multipliers to assess whether any structural change at a macro-economic level has taken place in this period. Linkage analysis is adopted to evaluate intersectoral reallocation of resources. The results support the view that some macro-economic adjustment has taken place but they do not provide evidence of significant intersectoral shifts.     

浅谈高校食堂社会化服务外包监管体系的研究——以江苏农林职业技术学院为例

随着后勤社会化改革的深入,高校食堂服务外包逐渐成为高校后勤社会化改革的新趋势,它有效地减轻学校的负担,带来显著的社会和经济效益,满足了高校学生不同层次的就餐需求,但在实际运行中也产生不少问题和矛盾,如何对服务外包监管,建立完善的食堂服务外包监管体系,是高校食堂社会化改革健康持续发展的关键。