The Demise of the Mutual Organizational Form: An Investigation of the Life Insurance Industry

We investigate the role of organizational structure in financial services markets by examining the U.S. life insurance industry. Traditionally, stock and mutual life insurers were equally represented, but now the industry is mainly composed of stock firms. We find operational efficiency, access to capital, and tax savings are important determinants for this shift. The incentive to demutualize differs by the type of conversion: full demutualization is chosen for efficiency and access to capital reasons and partial conversion, using a mutual holding company, is chosen for tax savings. Firm operational efficiency improves after conversion. We also find the efficiency of the stock organizational form dominates that of the mutual structure during our sample period, 1995 to 2004.     

A Disequilibrium Model of Savings and Loan Associations

This paper discusses the consistent specification and estimation of asset demand equations in a disequilibrium model of financial markets. We estimate the effective asset demands of savings and loan associations, allowing for rationing in the mortgage market. These disequilibrium estimates are not very different from the estimates of notional demands with no rationing assumed. Savings and loans seem to be least affected by excess demand situations in that they are apparently not reluctant to raise mortgage rates and/or to ration borrowers.     

县域邮政储蓄银行信贷业务发展的调查研究

为了更好地使邮储资金服务农村地区经济发展,扩大邮储小额贷款业务规模,保障其健康快速发展,将小额贷款办成一项客户称心、企业受益和政府满意的"三赢"业务,真正起到支持"三农"发展的作用,笔者对新乡市所辖辉县市等支行贷款业务发展情况进行了调查.     

邮储的小额质押贷款

邮改储蓄定期存单小额质押贷款业务突出了审批速度快、产品灵活方便、利率公平、服务好等特点。质押贷款可以让客户存在邮政储蓄的“血汗钱”和“防老钱”随时使用,让他们存入“定期”存款,贷出“活钱”。     

创业投资与产业投资组织结构比较研究

从组织结构来看，创业投资对传统的产业投资组织理论提出了挑战。理论研究主要集中在三个方面：委托代理理论、投融资理论与法人治理结构。从实证角度来看，传统产业投资与创业投资组织结构模式有不同的选择，这也决定了两者不同的绩效。比较国内创业投资与产业投资组织结构模式的不同选择。提出了一些建议。     

小额信贷利率定价理论及邮储银行实践

小额信贷的利率定价问题,是小额信贷发展中的焦点问题之一.小额信贷业务作为邮政储蓄银行的一项战略性业务,其利率定价关系到整个业务的发展,因此亟需对此进行科学合理的研究,以确定适合邮储银行小额信贷发展的利率定价.     

Restructuring of the Dutch Nonlife Insurance Industry: Consolidation,Organizational Form,and Focus

Since the deregulation of the European insurance market in 1994, Dutch nonlife insurance firms have sized up and increased their focus. Concurrently, the stock organizational form has become increasingly dominant. This article investigates these 1995–2005 trends from a cost‐efficiency perspective. We observe substantial economies of scale that are even larger for smaller firms. In line with the efficient structure hypothesis, both stocks and mutuals are found to have comparative cost advantages. Supporting the strategic focus hypothesis, we find that more specialized insurers have lower costs. Thick frontier efficiency estimates point to large cost X‐inefficiencies that have moderately decreased over time.     

Organizational Structure and Performance: Evidence From the Nonlife Insurance Industry in Japan

This study examines the impact of organizational structure on firm performance, incentive problems, and financial decisions in the Japanese nonlife (property‐casualty) insurance industry. Stock companies that belong to one of six horizontal keiretsu groups have lower expenses and lower levels of free cash flow than independent stock and mutual insurance companies. Keiretsu insurers also have higher profitability and higher loss ratios than independent insurers. With a limited sample size, there is some evidence that mutual insurers have higher levels of free cash flows, higher investment incomes, and lower financial leverage than their stock counterparts. Overall, empirical evidence suggests that each structure has its own comparative advantage.     

The Effect of Organizational Climate on Sell-side Analyst Turnover and Performance

This paper investigates whether and how organizational climate (OC) in brokerage firms affects analyst turnover and performance. We find that firms with a lower-rated OC have a higher likelihood of analyst turnover. Also, when analysts leave and switch brokerage firms, they are more likely to move to a firm with a higher-rated OC and will deliver more accurate forecasts after switching firms. However, the performance improvements in better-rated OC firms are significant only for the initial years of the analysts’ employment in the new firms. We also show that OC-related analyst turnover negatively affects the performance of incumbent analysts, especially for those non-All-Star incumbent analysts, while these adverse performance effects are also transitory and last for two years only. Thus, our findings indicate that OC only has a short-lived effect on the behaviour of both leaving and remaining analysts, which challenges the long-held assumption that investments in a positive OC will always be associated with lower employee turnover and higher individual performance. We explain our results as arising from the high levels of labour mobility within the brokerage industry and the transparency of analyst forecasts as a public performance measure.     

Mortgage Loan Securitization and Relative Loan Performance

We compare the ex ante observable risk characteristics, the default performance, and the pricing of securitized mortgage loans to mortgage loans retained by the original lender. In our sample of loans originated between 2000 and 2007, we find that privately securitized fixed and adjustable-rate mortgages were riskier ex ante than lender-retained loans or loans securitized through the government sponsored agencies. We do not find any evidence of differential loan performance for privately securitized fixed-rate mortgages. We find evidence that privately securitized adjustable-rate mortgages performed worse than retained mortgages, although other observable factors appear to be more economically important determinants of mortgage default. We do not find any evidence of a compensating premium in the loan rates for privately securitized adjustable-rate mortgages.     

Auditor Lobbying for Accounting Standards: The Case of Banks and Savings and Loan Associations

This study examines auditor lobbying on seven proposed US accounting standards which affect banks and savings and loan associations. Evidence is provided in support of the Watts and Zimmerman (1982, 1986) theory on auditor lobbying. Watts and Zimmerman (WZ) hypothesise that auditor lobbying is a function of the client-manager position and a set of wealth effect variables. These variables may provide an incentive for auditors to disagree with their clients on proposed accounting issues. The WZ model is modified by including an audit risk variable. Results show that the model is statistically significant and that the identified wealth and audit risk effects are significant explanatory variables of auditor lobbying behaviour.     

The Effect of Litigation Risk Increase on Big N Auditor Exits and Audit Quality in the Korean Savings Banking Industry

This study investigates whether an increase in litigation risk results in Big N auditors leaving the industry and examines the impact of this increase on audit quality. Using a sample of Korean savings banks from 2009 to 2015, the study finds that the proportion of Big N auditors sharply decreases after a savings bank crisis, suggesting that Big N auditors are likely to reject riskier clients, while audit quality is unchanged. The results provide new evidence that an increase in litigation risk does not necessarily increase audit quality. The findings have academic and practical implications, as they suggest that policies for improving audit quality should consider auditors’ strategies in response to litigation risk.     

Determinants of geographic differentials in the Savings and Loan failure rate: A heteroskedastic TOBIT estimation

This article has empirically studied determinants of interstate differentials in the S&L failure rate. The heteroskedastic-TOBIT model used in estimation turns out to perform much better than either OLS or the homoskedastic-TOBIT. Significant efficiency gain is obtained in formulating the multiplicative heteroskedasticity. Four types of variables are important: regional economic conditions, asset/liability management, regulatory structure, and politics.Georgia Institute of TechnologyGeorgia Institute of Technology     

论保险公司组织绩效评价指标体系及评价方法

本文从保险公司组织绩效评价的理论出发,阐述保险公司组织绩效评价的内涵及其意义,构建了分析保险公司组织绩效评价的理论框架。在此基础上,总结了评价指标与保险公司组织绩效的相互关系,并提出构建评价保险公司组织绩效的方法,目的在于为科学评价保险公司组织绩效提供有效的分析方法。     

Borrower Misreporting and Loan Performance

Borrower misreporting is associated with seriously adverse loan outcomes. Significantly more residential mortgage borrowers reported personal assets just above round number thresholds than just below. Borrowers who reported above‐threshold assets were almost 25 percentage points more likely to become delinquent (mean delinquency was 20%). For applicants with unverified assets, the increase in delinquency was greater than 40 percentage points. Misreporting was most frequent in areas with low financial literacy or social capital. Incorporating behavioral cues such as threshold effects into a risk assessment model improves its ability to uncover delinquencies, though at a cost of mischaracterizing some safe loans.     

Liquidity Provision and the Organizational Form of NYSE Specialist Firms

We examine the influence of NYSE specialist firm organizational form on the nature of liquidity provision. We compare closely held firms whose specialists provide liquidity with their own capital to widely held firms whose specialists provide liquidity with diffusely owned capital. We argue that specialists using their own capital have a greater incentive and ability to reduce adverse selection costs, but face a greater cost of capital. Differences in the proportion of spreads due to adverse selection costs, large trade frequency, the sensitivity between depth and spreads, and price stabilization support this argument.     

产业结构、储蓄对教育财政的挤出效应分析:空间计量方法

通过空间计量实证方法发现,工业比重和教育支出占财政支出的比重呈负向显著关系,表明了产业结构对教育财政投入会形成挤出影响,当中国大多数县还处于工业化初期发展阶段,需要把资源更多地配置到工业发展上,进而对教育投入产生了挤出效应。居民储蓄行为也会对教育财政产生挤出影响,人均储蓄额越高,那么教育支出占财政支出比重越低。这是因为存在预防性储蓄,导致了对教育投入的挤出效应。     

汽车行业运行态势与银行信贷投放

商业银行应充分考虑行业运行态势及行业政策,通过细分客户市场与产品市场,确定安全、有效的信贷方式。2006年行业运行态势良好在经历了油价上涨导致的短暂低潮后,2006年我国汽车行业重新回到了高速增长的平台。根据中国汽车工业协会统计,预计2006年全年汽车销量将达到690万辆,超过日本,成为仅次于美国的世界第二大汽车消费国；增速将达到20%,超过2004年和2005年的水平(图1)。从全球角度看,我国汽车消费量占全球总消费量的比例已由2001年的4．3%上升至2006年     

邯郸市钢铁行业发展与银行信贷支持

在支持产业发展过程中,金融机构需根据产业发展政策要求,整合信贷资源,加强风险管理,重点支持有市场、有潜力的项目发展。钢铁行业发展状况近几年,邯郸市钢铁行业发展迅速,就业人口18万,已成为市第一支柱产业,在河北省乃至全国占有非常重要的地位。目前,全市钢铁企业有40余家,生产能力500万吨以上的有1家,100万～500万吨的有11家,100万吨以下的有28家,生产能力铁1900万吨、钢2060万吨、钢材1400万吨。2005年底全市钢铁工业铁、钢、材产量分别完成1806万吨、1696万吨、1212万吨,完成利税63．3亿元、利润36．1亿元、增加值205亿元、总产值675亿元,分别占全市入统工业的54%、58%、55．7%、56．9%。