人口相关因素对碳排放的影响研究——基于变截距模型的实证分析

基于1997—2012年的30个省份的面板数据,采用STIRPAT模型研究人口相关因素对二氧化碳排放的影响。通过面板数据变截距模型进行回归发现,大部分省份的人口规模、人均消费支出、能源强度和城镇化对碳排放有正影响,只有北京和广东的能源强度对碳排放是负影响,说明可能存在能源回弹效应。老龄化因素只在六个省份与碳排放有显著的正相关关系,这是因为老年人口的增加导致对相关产品和服务的需求增加。家庭规模在大部分省份对碳排放的影响是负向的,说明随着家庭规模的缩小会增加碳排放。     

基于MRCI的中国能源消费变动及驱动因素分析

如何减缓能源消费的过快增长是应对能源安全和气候变化的重要课题。通过对投入产出分析原理和无残差的完全结构分解法（MRCI）量化分析发现,产出规模效应和生产结构效应对中国能源消费增长起到主导作用,是主要驱动因素,而中国能源强度效应能有效抑制中国能源消费的增长;人口规模效应和人均生活能耗效应对中国能源消费增长的影响相对较小,但也有一定的促进作用。因此,依靠技术创新、提高能源使用效率,控制人口增长、引导居民向低能耗方向发展有利于减少中国能源消费水平。     

人口规模和结构变化对经济增长和社会福利的影响——理论分析和实证检验

基于RCK模型,放松了效用贴现因子不变的假设,将人口规模和人口结构的变化与时间偏好相结合,从理论和实证两个方面分析了人口因素(即人口规模和人口年龄结构)对经济增长、稳态消费和社会福利的影响。理论模型的分析结果显示:稳态消费和产出两者均与人口规模之间存在倒U型关系,劳动年龄人口占比与人均产出和人均消费正相关,技术进步能够提高稳态资本和产出。基于1996—2013年中国省际面板数据的实证分析结果验证了理论模型的结论,即人均产出和人均消费与人口规模之间存在倒U型关系,技术进步可以促进经济增长和消费、减小人口问题的负面影响。     

基于MRCI和LMDⅠ Ⅱ的我国能源消费变动分析

在对我国能源消费现状分析的基础上,运用投入产出分析原理、无残差的完全结构分解法(MRCI)和指数分解法(LMDⅠⅡ)分别从国家产业层面和我国地区层面进行量化分析,计算各因素对我国及我国地区能源消费增长的影响效果及贡献率。分析发现产出规模效应和生产结构效应对我国能源消费增长起到主导作用,而我国能源强度效应能有效抑制我国能源消费的增长;产出规模效应和能源强度效应是影响我国地区能源消费增长的主要驱动因素,产出规模效应对我国地区能源消费增长起到促进作用,而能源强度效应能有效抑制我国地区能源消费的增长。     

浙江省居民消费间接碳足迹测算及影响因素研究

运用投入产出法构建居民消费碳足迹测算模型,结合浙江2002—2012年各行业相关数据,估算居民消费的直接和间接碳足迹。并基于LMDI法构建居民消费间接碳足迹(CF~e)影响因素分解模型,考察人口规模、经济发展水平、消费水平、消费结构、能源消费强度、能源碳排放强度六种效应对CF~e总量效应的影响。研究显示:城镇居民消费间接碳足迹是浙江省着重减排对象,经济发展水平效应是驱动CF~e增长的主要原因,能源消费强度效应是抑制CF~e增长的主要因素,居民消费结构优化对CF~e增长也起一定延缓作用。     

中国纸制品消费趋势:城市化增长的效应分析和预测

基于对近期未来的人口—经济增长的预测,分析了城市化增长对未来纸制品消费的影响。用"自相关误差回归"的方法检验人口和城市化增长的不同发展路径对于纸制品消费的影响。中国的城市化过程对纸制品消费影响很大,更快的城市化进程,相应的影响会更强烈。比较人口变量和经济变量,城市家庭经济因素相对更加明显。在近期的未来,随着纸制品消费的增加,其对环境污染的压力也会增大。     

低碳经济发展的驱动因素研究——以浙江省为例

本文从人口规模、经济发展水平、能源强度、单位能耗碳排放量、能源消费结构、产业结构、城市化、国际贸易分工等方面探讨了低碳经济发展的主要驱动因素,对STIRPAT模型进行了扩展,利用1990~2008年浙江省的统计数据,对低碳经济发展的驱动因素及其贡献率进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:人均GDP、能源强度、人口规模、单位能耗碳排放量和能源消费结构对碳排放总量有显著正向影响,其中人均实际GDP的影响最大,能源强度的影响较大,人口规模和单位能耗碳排放量的影响较小,能源消费结构的影响最小,而产业结构、城市化水平、国际贸易分工对碳排放总量的影响不显著;人均实际GDP持续增长是碳排放增长的最大正向驱动因素,对碳排放增长的贡献率最大,能源强度变动是碳排放增长的最大负向驱动因素,能源强度变动对碳排放增长具有一定的抑制作用。     

高强度能源开发区经济增长与环境污染、资源消耗的耦合关系研究

区域经济增长与环境污染、资源消耗的关系已逐步成为环境科学等相关领域的研究热点与重点之一。研究选择高强度能源开发的典型区域——陕西省榆林市为研究对象,以向量自回归模型(VAR)为研究手段,定量刻画高强度能源开发区快速经济增长与环境污染、资源消耗双向作用的强度。研究表明,高强度能源开发区的经济增长与环境污染、资源消耗之间均存在一定程度的相互影响。研究区经济增长对环境污染与水资源消耗存在正向增强效应,尤其是烟尘排放,但程度在减弱;反之,三种环境污染物排放与水资源消耗的增加对经济增长具有制约效应,最显著的是SO_2和烟尘。研究区在经济快速发展的同时仍应注重污染物的控制、环境制度的落实、水资源的高效利用等,以实现未来的绿色发展。     

金砖国家经济发展与能源消费碳排放因素分解比较分析

金砖国家因经济发展的强劲势头和发展中大国等特征备受瞩目,在经济发展的同时,持续增长的碳排放也受到了关注。文章运用LMDI法比较分析金砖国家1971—2011年能源消费碳排放增长的影响因素及其贡献,研究发现:经济发展是拉动能源消费碳排放增长的决定性因素,尤其是对中国和印度显示出很强的拉动作用;能源强度是抑制能源消费碳排放增长的主要因素;人口规模对能源消费碳排放增长贡献较为稳定;碳强度影响作用不大;能源消费部门结构几乎不产生影响。由此,金砖国家要认清所处经济发展阶段,致力于创造公平的可持续发展环境,争取发展中大国的发展空间。     

省域碳排放影响因素分析及减碳机制探讨——以浙江省为例

论文基于1990—2015年浙江省碳排放时间序列数据,采用STIRPAT模型,探讨驱动浙江碳排放量增长的主要影响因素和各因素的影响程度,明确碳排放控制的主要领域。结果表明人均GDP、人口规模、能源强度、能源结构、产业结构对碳排放量增加有正向驱动作用,而城镇化率对碳排放量增加有负向驱动作用。人均GDP和人口规模对碳排放量增长的贡献最大,但2000年后人口规模的驱动作用逐渐减弱,经济规模扩大成为碳排放量的主要增长因素。能源强度和城镇化率对碳排放量减少的贡献最大,能源结构的贡献率较低。基于此,提出了提升经济发展质量、促进城镇发展转型、提高能源管理效率等具有针对性的减碳对策。     

Bacon and eltis on growth,government, and welfare

In a recent book, Robert Bacon and Walter Eltis attribute Britain's relatively slow economic growth since 1961 to rapid expansion of her public sector. The article disputes both their analogy between the public sector and the physiocrats' sterile sector and their contention that wage demands increase because the marginal public expenditure is not worth the taxes it requires. The wage-tax spiral, if of empirical significance, seems likely to proceed whatever the virtues of public expenditure. This is a fault in the industrial relations system and is by no means sufficient reason to judge the public sector overgrown.     

Considerations on Inequality,Corporate Governance,and Financialization

Abstract

Disjunctures between corporate governance, increasingly dominated by financial considerations, and social inequality have been among the motor forces of current world-wide “populist” voter revolts. This article looks for clues for the relation between economic inequality, corporate governance, and financialization by re-examining the work of Karl Marx and of Adolphe Berle and Gardiner Means. Marx is widely considered, in Japan, to have pointed out that the division of profit into the wages of management and the profit of enterprise is considered as a path to the association. However, this general interpretation in Japan may not be sufficient for capturing capitalism’s contemporary reality. This presentation develops an alternative interpretation of this chapter by combining Marx’s explanation with the theory of the separation of ownership and management proposed by Berle and Means. We then explore causal relations among income inequality, corporate governance, and financialization.     

Envy, leisure, and restrictions on working hours

Abstract.  We present a simple model of capital accumulation where agents care about their consumption relative to the consumption of other members of society, 'envy,' In this context we quantify the extent of the distortions and welfare costs associated with envy. Under conservative estimates of envy we find that the implied welfare losses are substantial. We explore the implications of alternative policy arrangements designed to minimize the effects of the consumption externality. Our results suggest that if the optimal tax policy is not politically feasible, restrictions on working hours provide an alternative tool to induce a market outcome that resembles the efficient allocation achieved under a benevolent central planner. JEL classification: D62, H21     

Fiscal and monetary effects on environmental quality,growth, and welfare

This paper examines the effect of fiscal and monetary policies on economic growth, inflation, environmental quality, and welfare. To this end, the horizontal-R&D growth model is extended to include pollution generated in the intermediate-goods production, and the demand for money through cash-in-advance (CIA) constraints on intermediate-goods production and R&D investment. Fiscal policy embodied in the taxation of pollution decreases output, profits, inflation, and wages in the intermediate-goods sector, reallocating labor to R&D that is the engine of economic growth. As it reduces pollution, it increases welfare if there are strong preferences for a clean environment. In turn, since the inflation rate is an increasing function of the nominal interest rate, the effects of changes in this monetary policy variable extend to the effects of changes in the inflation rate. An increase in the nominal interest rate penalizes employment, wages and output in the R&D sector relatively more if the respective CIA constraint is more demanding and thus economic growth decreases. As it also reduces pollution since decreases intermediate-goods production, it increases welfare if the preferences for a clean environment are strong enough.     

A note on uncertainty, liquidity, and stock prices

This paper presents theory and some empirical evidence on the relationship between the demands for money and stocks and bonds in the presence of changes in the volatility of money growth. Theoretically, it is shown that with variable velocity, an increase in the conditional variance of money growth triggers an increase in the demand for money relative to stocks and bonds with a consequent reduction in stock and bond prices. Empirically, the model only performs well in the dimension of stocks and bond prices moving in the same direction.