信息技术应用对企业纵向边界的影响--实证研究与讨论

基于交易成本理论的分析表明：信息技术应用节约了企业的内部协调成本和外部交易成本，从而影响企业纵向边界的变动，然而这一理论推断需要进一步的检验。本文利用我国信息技术行业的数据进行实证研究．分析信息技术应用与企业纵向边界变动之间的关系。结果表明：现阶段的信息技术应用使企业纵向边界呈现扩大的趋势。文章据此讨论了中外企业信息化进程的差异和影响．并解释研究结果对企业规模边界和能力边界变动趋势的含义。     

模块化组织与大型企业基因重组

随着信息技术的不断应用和发展，大型企业尤其是垂直一体化企业越来越难以生存，取而代之的是精益的模块化组织。本文认为模块化组织是大型企业在其内部市场对“基因”能力要素进行重组的必然结果。大型企业通过对“基因”能力要素进行重组，一方面扩展了其能力边界，另一方面也培育了一种新型的组织形态即模块化组织。模块化组织不但降低了大型企业内部的协调成本和外部的交易成本，也为大型企业的未来组织设计提供了新思路和新挑战。     

改革成本核算的几点设想

目前,我国一些企业在经济管理改革中,正在广泛应用现代管理会计学科。其基本内各之一就是在成本的构成与成本的核算方法上用变动成本法取代了传统的全部成本法。它的核心就是根据成本的特性将企业的生产成本划分为变动成本和固定成本两大类别。应用变动成本法不但使产品成本计算中的费用分配大为简化,更重要的是有利于分析研究,找出经济管理中的薄弱环节,采取对应措施,努力降低产品成本,提高经济效益。     

石化企业产品生产成本变动分析

由于石化企业经营多元化程度高、产品种类多,产品生产成本分析已成为企业成本管理的难题之一.为此,针对石化产品成本项目、石化产品品种、石化产品种类分别建立不同类型的成本变动分析模型,分析各个成本构成因素变动对石化产品成本总额变动的影响,以有助于石化企业准确分析产品生产成本,采取有针对性的成本管理对策.     

从管理会计角度分析石油石化企业的研发支出

目前对于技术密集型、研发支出比例较大的石油石化企业的研发支出的会计处理，各国理论界和实务界都存在着较大的差异，如有“费用化”、“资本化”和“有条件资本化”等几种方法。文章阐述了研发支出在石油石化企业中的地位。并结合石油石化企业研发特征进行研发支出的财务会计处理方法比较，最后从管理会计角度，提出了利用作业成本法将石油石化企业研发支出予以成本化的观点，目的是使石油石化企业研发支出通过分摊到研发支出的最终服务的产品（油气和炼化产品）成本中去。从而有利于石油石化企业内部管理层更好的了解产品的真实成本，以便提高企业油气产品和炼化产品的成本管理水平。     

应用信息技术也要算成本效益账

供电企业是资金技术密集型企业，近年来在应用信息技术改造传统产业方面始终走在前列，在管理层面的电网调度管理、变电站管理、安全管理，以及市场营销、财务管理、计划管理、人力资源管理、办公事务管理等等都在应用信息技术，对于提高供电安全可靠性和工作效率发挥了不可替代的作用。但在信息技术应用的成本管理中存在不容忽视的问题，极易形成企业成本管理中的黑洞，有必要对此进行深入研究，以较低的成本推动企业的现代化。 　　供电企业信息技术应用成本管理中存在的主要问题，首先是忽视机会成本。目前许多供电企业经营管理中面临的…     

人力资本密集型企业研究:一个挑战传统理论的话题

世界经济步入知识经济时代以来,人力资本的重要性已不彰自显。伴随经济形态的变迁,企业形态也发生了巨变,人力资本密集型企业已成为重要的新兴企业形态。本文通过比较人力资本密集型企业与物质资本密集型企业的差异,指出传统企业理论在解释这类新型企业性质时的不足,因此,我们无法站在以往视角上来理解这类新型企业的边界和一体化问题,需要用全新的理论重新审视。此外,人力资本密集型企业的治理问题也具有其独特之处,企业治理目标的重心从解决专用性资产的敲竹杠问题转变为协调企业的各类互补性资源,同时古老的合伙制治理模式在人力资本密集型行业中优势显著。文章最后给出一个简短小结和研究展望。     

浅析成本领先战略

传统的成本管理范围主要是企业内部的生产经营过程 ,而对企业的供应与销售环节则考虑不多 ,对于企业外部的价值链更是视而不见 ,使企业未能获得全面的竞争发展战略。然而 ,对于处于开发型、竞争型市场环境中的企业来说 ,成本管理更有必要注意企业外部环境的影响。所以应该把企业成本管理问题放在整个市场环境中予以全面考虑。因为企业的生产经营过程是为满足顾客需要而设计的一系列作业的集合体 ,它表现为一个由此及彼、由内及外的“价值链” ,通过了解整个行业的价值链来进行成本管理 ,更有助于企业战略目标的实现。因此 ,现代企业成本管理…     

变动成本法的优缺点浅析

<正> 变动成本法是指在组织常规的产品成本计算过程中,以成本动态分析为前提,只将变动生产成本作为产品成本构成内容,而将固定生产成本及非生产成本作为期间成本,按贡献损益确定程序计量损益的一种成本计算模式。这种计算模式在许多现代企业中被广泛用于内部管理,它能科学反映成本与业务量之间、利润与销售量之间有关量的变化规律,因而在经营预测、经营决策、业绩考核和加强成本管理等方面,都发挥着重要的作用。     

火力发电厂现有成本性态应用及改进建议

成本性态分析是企业生产成本管理中一种普遍而常用的成本分析方法,对于控制成本和降低成本具有重要作用。在企业降本增效要求不断提高的形势下,有必要对火力发电厂现有的成本性态划分予以重新审视,发现其不足之处并研究解决方案,从而有效降低火电厂经营成本,提升企业效益。火力发电厂现有的成本性态划分目前火电厂一般将燃料费、环保费、购入电力费等划作变动成本,将水费、材料费、修理费、折旧、薪酬以及其他费用等划作固定成本。     

信息技术、交易成本与激励:论经济组织形式的中间化

基于交易成本理论的分析框架难以对信息技术作用下的经济组织变革趋势作出很好的解释．本文融合了资源基础观的相关观点，建立了一个新的分析框架，比较全面地分析了企业、中间组织和市场这三种经济组织形式。进一步的，通过考察信息技术应用的相关影响，我们得出了信息时代经济组织形式趋于“中间化”的结论。     

Envy,comparison costs,and the economic theory of the firm

An economic theory of the firm must explain both when firms supplant markets and when markets supplant firms. While theories of when markets fail are well developed, the extant literature provides a less than adequate explanation of why and when hierarchies fail and of actions managers take to mitigate such failure. In this article, we seek to develop a more complete theory of the firm by theorizing about the causes and consequences of organizational failure. Our theory focuses on the concept of social comparison costs that arise through social comparison processes and envy. While transaction costs in the market provide an impetus to move activities inside the boundaries of the firm, we argue that envy and resulting social comparison costs motivate moving activities outside the boundary of the firm. More specifically, our theory provides an explanation for ‘managerial’ diseconomies of both scale and scope—arguments that are independent from traditional measurement, rent seeking, and competency arguments—that provides new insights into the theory of the firm. In our theory, hierarchies fail as they expand in scale because social comparison costs imposed on firms escalate and hinder the capacity of managers to optimally structure incentives and production. Further, hierarchy fails as a firm expands in scope for the simple reason that the costs of differentially structuring compensation within the firm to match the increasing diversity of activities also rises with increasing scope. In addition, we explore how social comparison costs influence the design of the firm through selection of production technologies and compensation structures within the firm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Firm and destination-specific export costs: The case of the Swedish food sector

This paper focuses on sunk export costs in the Swedish food and beverage sector. Its purpose is threefold. First, it investigates whether the estimation of the importance of sunk costs is sensitive to persistence bilateral (firm-destination) effects such as specific market knowledge compared to firm-specific effects such as managerial skills or product quality. Second, it analyses the effects of firm and market characteristics on firms’ export decisions. Third, it tests whether the importance of sunk costs varies with destination as well as firm characteristics. The main results are: (1) that firm-destination effects are more important than general, unobserved firm characteristics, (2) that more productive and larger firms are more likely to export and that firms’ expectations from exporting increase with market size and exchange rate stability, and (3) that the importance of sunk export costs varies with firm and market characteristics.     

Toward an integrated theory of the firm: The interplay between internal organization and vertical integration

Research summary : Two central issues in strategic management are the determination of a firm's internal delegation and its vertical boundaries. Despite the importance of these issues, there is scant analysis concerning their interaction. Using a comprehensive database of the construction industry, we show that vertical integration positively influences the centralization decision and that the main mechanism driving this relationship is an improvement in the hierarchically coordinated adaptation of firm activities when complexity and uncertainty are high. We also observe that centralization is negatively related to the extent of relational contracts between principals and agents, and positively related to an exogenous increase in the cost of employee layoffs. Our results suggest that managers cannot consider firm boundaries and internal organization to be independent decisions. Managerial summary : We ask whether a firm's decision about vertically integrating or outsourcing its activities affects the choice of centralizing or delegating its internal decision‐making process. Our statistical analysis shows that firms with more vertical integration tend to centralize the decision‐making process and that firms that outsource more tend to decentralize more. Why? Vertical integration enables the use of centralized authority to coordinate activities that interact intensively. Accordingly, we found that the positive influence of vertical integration on centralization is especially significant in more complex and uncertain environments, when the need for coordination is higher. Thus, our results suggest that managers should choose vertical integration considering its effect on internal decision‐making processes, particularly when coordination is important. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diversification,coordination costs,and organizational rigidity: evidence from microdata

This paper examines the impact of coordination costs and organizational rigidity on the returns to diversification. The central thesis is that coordination costs offset economies of scope, while organizational rigidity increases coordination costs, further constraining economies of scope. The empirical tests of this proposition identify the effects of coordination and organizational rigidity costs on business unit and firm productivity, using novel data from the Economic Census on taxicab and limousine firms. The key results show that coordination and organizational rigidity costs are economically and statistically significant, while organizational rigidity itself accounts for a 16 percent decrease in paid ride‐miles per taxicab in incumbent diversifiers, controlling for the other costs and benefits of diversification and incumbency. The findings suggest that coordination costs, in general, and organizational rigidity costs, in particular, limit the scope of the firm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capabilities as shift parameters for the outsourcing decision

In this paper, we argue that capabilities serve as shift parameters that result in a change in the critical value of asset specificity at which firms switch from in‐sourcing to outsourcing. Capabilities have two effects: they result in a change in firm production costs and in firm governance costs relative to the market. As a result, the frontier at which market governance gives way to firm governance shifts. Three factors that produce such shifts are the value, rarity, and inimitability of capabilities employed in firm processes. Considered as shift parameters, the effect of capabilities integrates seamlessly into transaction costs reasoning and is not a competing view of firm governance. We demonstrate these arguments empirically using a sample of 180 information systems sourcing decisions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Japanese spinoffs: Unexplored survival strategies

This paper analyzes spinoffs of Japanese firms and the use of the spinoff as an instrument to achieve corporate growth objectives. The initial separation of the organizations and its governance mode are analyzed in the context of transaction costs theory. Spinoffs may be created in order to (1) balance costs associated with managing diversified businesses, (2) generate growth based on core competencies of a firm, and (3) pursue an efficient internal labor market. In a changing environment, the spinoff has been a widely used flexible organizational arrangement that is suitable to survival and offers an alternative way of diversification.     

有限外部化:技术进步对企业边界的影响

本文从技术进步的角度动态地研究企业组织边界的变动。通过理论上论证快速的技术进步对内部组织治理与外部交易活动的影响，我们认为快速的技术进步既增大了企业内部化的不确定性，也导致了市场交易费用的降低。但是，由于技术进步并不能完全消除市场交易活动中的不确定性，所以，我们提出了在快速的技术变革条件下，企业边界变动是有限外部化的理论假设。并选择了1998—2002年间我国各省市区高新技术产业发展与外包活动作为一个分析案例，验证的结果有力地支持了我们提出的理论假设。     

Going direct to market: The influence of exchange conditions

When faced with the strategic choice of going direct to market versus the option of using intermediaries, a firm is posited to evaluate the benefits to customers from going direct to market, and the transaction costs involved in using intermediaries. In this paper, we discuss how these evaluations might differ depending upon the microcharacteristics of the exchange domain. Based on these theoretical considerations, specific propositions are offered regarding the conditions under which firms might rely more heavily on direct channels. These propositions are tested by conducting a cross'sectional empirical analysis using a large sample of manufacturing firms operating in diverse exchange domains. We also control for the impact of macrolevel environmental characteristics, as well as firm-level characteristics that may influence the direct to market decision. Our empirical results confirm that customer benefits and transaction costs are important considerations in going direct to market.