耕地抛荒的评价指标及应用研究初探

当前对耕地抛荒的研究中,尚存在概念不清、缺乏评价指标和定量化研究的问题,阻碍了研究的深入。通过分析认为,耕地抛荒指由于生产经营者主观原因放弃而造成的耕地处于闲置或未充分利用的状态;耕地抛荒可用抛荒度、抛荒面积和抛荒损益等指标进行评价;这些评价指标在抛荒统计、制定处罚标准等方面都有重要的应用价值,从而将耕地抛荒研究推向深入。     

防止耕地抛荒『系统法』

时下,由确保粮食安全引发的对耕地抛荒问题的关注,已成为湖南乃至全国的热点问题。然而,对于如何防止耕地抛荒,仁者见仁,智者见智。笔者最近深入到湖南11个县市区、33个乡     

城市化进程中耕地流失的制度解析及治理路径

我国正处在快速城市化和经济建设高速发展时期,耕地保护面临耕地锐减趋势难以遏制、耕地质量下降形势严峻、违法占用耕地问题严重、粗放型用地模式没有转变等问题。本文认为,现行农地制度的产权和管理缺陷是耕地保护处于困境的制度根源,治理路径的现实选择可以从集约利用土地和完善农地管理制度两个方面进行,未来发展方向应该是逐步“放开产权”。     

耕地弃耕抛荒下的强制代耕合同制度研究

研究目的：探究强制代耕的法律属性，并从合同订立和合同内容两个方面完善强制代耕合同的制度构建。研究方法：文献分析法和归纳演绎法。研究结果：（1）强制代耕属于土地经营权的强制流转，农村集体经济组织与土地承包经营权人应当签订书面合同。（2）强制代耕合同订立的民法依据是强制缔约义务。在土地承包经营权人连续弃耕抛荒两年以上的情形下，农村集体经济组织应当履行强制要约义务，土地承包经营权人负强制承诺义务。（3）强制代耕合同的典型合同类型是土地经营权流转合同。土地承包经营权人不能获得流转价款，土地承包经营权人继续耕种土地或者自愿流转土地经营权的,可以依法解除合同。研究结论：强制代耕合同订立的强制性及其双方当事人权利义务的明晰，使其成为解决耕地弃耕抛荒的有效途径。     

农村已婚妇女失地与农地流转——基于江西省农户调查的实证研究

本文基于江西省的调查数据，就农村已婚妇女失地对农地流转产生的影响进行实证分析。调查结果显示，已婚妇女失地在一定程度上促使以农业为主要收入来源的失地农户租入更多农地，但对农户租出农地影响较小。失地农户是否租入农地，主要取决于农户的经济状况和要素禀赋，而不是取决于已婚妇女失地。在一些人均耕地紧张的地区，已婚妇女失地虽然增加了农地需求，加剧了农地市场的供求矛盾，但在另一些人均耕地充裕的地区将有利于促进农地市场的发育，减少耕地撂荒现象，加速农地市场流转。     

社会资本、劳动力转移与农地抛荒——基于中国劳动力动态调查数据的实证分析

农村劳动力转移背景下农地抛荒现象逐渐产生,抛荒面积持续扩张将严重威胁国家粮食安全。文章基于中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS),采用Probit和Tobit回归模型实证分析了社会资本对农地抛荒的影响,并引入劳动力转移作为中介变量构建中介效应模型。研究结果表明:(1)社会资本对农地抛荒具有显著的正向影响,社会资本越丰富的农户抛荒农地的可能性更大。(2)劳动力转移在社会资本对农地抛荒的正向关系中发挥部分中介作用,社会资本促进劳动力转移,从而间接导致农地抛荒现象加剧。(3)异质性分析结果显示,社会资本对传统农耕家庭、经营规模较大的家庭抛荒农地的影响更明显。因此,要采取有效措施应对社会资本对农地抛荒的不利影响,搭建农地流转平台,扶持新型农业经营主体发展,提高机械化水平,促进农地流转,实现农地资源优化配置。     

农地产权制度对农户耕地质量保护行为的影响研究——基于云南省50个村的调查数据

本文基于2021年云南省50个村537户农户问卷调查数据,采用二元Probit模型考察了农地确权对农户耕地质量保护行为的影响。研究发现：农地确权对农户耕地质量保护行为有着明显的积极作用,相对没有获得新一轮确权证书的农户,已获得确权证书的农户施用有机肥的概率上升了15.28%。因此,今后不仅要继续从农地产权制度入手,推进农村土地确权颁证,将农村土地“三权分置”制度落到实处,确保农地产权结构朝着保护农民投资收益的方向发展,实现耕地生产的可持续性,还要继续完善以产权稳定为主的土地流转市场,减少生态耕地的流失。     

基于因素法的裕安区耕地质量定级评价研究

[目的]耕地质量定级是根据耕地的自然属性和社会经济属性对其质量进行综合评定及级别划分的过程。为科学量化耕地数量,明确耕地资源分布与提升耕地质量,为实现区域内耕地占补平衡,确保耕地总量动态平衡,研究以裕安区为例,探讨基于因素法进行的六安市裕安区耕地质量定级评价。[方法]首先选取裕安区耕地质量定级因素因子体系,利用特尔斐法确定各因子权重;再将不同类型的定级因素因子指标分类量化;接着划分定级单元并进行分值计算;最后确定各定级单元定级指数,采用总分频率曲线法初步划分耕地级别,并通过SPSS相关性分析检验。[结果]裕安区耕地共分为5个级别,其中以二、三级地为主,主要分布在江家店镇与罗集乡,共占78.79%。[结论]裕安区整体耕地质量中等偏上,耕地级别分布呈现出明显的空间递减规律,离道路或水系越近的耕地级别越高,反之越低;离城镇或农贸中心的耕地级别越高,反之越低;级别也反映出耕地在利用方式上的差异。     

农村土地承包法施行绩效的实证分析——以长江三角洲地区为例

我国的农地承包法具有稳定，秩序和效率的内在品质，但它所依据的社会生活条件已发生了深刻的变化，其制度安排的缺陷与农地抛荒行为显然有着一定的相关性。传统法律文化包含着农地产权私有化的价值观念，社会要求农地承包法尊重农民身份及原始取得所有权的历史。因此，本文认为，未来重构的农地承包法要以农民生存利益为本位，制定农地承包法的双重所有权制度，落实农业可持续发展观。     

农地资本化视角下的耕地非粮化研究

研究目的：探究农地资本化对耕地非粮化的影响机制,以期为农地要素市场化改革中农地过度资本化问题的防范提供决策依据。研究方法：理论分析与实证研究。研究结果：（1）随着耕地价格上涨,耕地价格与耕地非粮化存在“U”型关系,“U”曲线在耕地价格为969元/亩时取得极小值,耕地价格上涨对耕地非粮化利用的作用呈现先抑制后促进的特征;（2）耕地价格与非粮化的“U”型关系在粮食主产区和非主产区存在区域异质性,“U”型关系主要体现在粮食主产区,在耕地价格为876元/亩时取得极小值,较全样本拟合曲线的极小值拐点约降低90个单位。研究结论：农地适度资本化未对粮食安全造成冲击,而当农地过度资本化时,耕地价格上涨会促进耕地非粮化利用。未来在推进农地要素市场化改革进程中,需要政府有效介入,正确引导和监管市场机制,提高农业补贴政策效率,完善用途管制制度。     

Analyzing the behavioural mechanism of farmland abandonment in the hilly mountainous areas in China from the perspective of farming household diversity

Revealing the mechanism under the occurrence of farmland abandonment from the perspective of farming household diversity is conducive to proposing well-directed farmland protection policies. With a thorough consideration and study of cases in some hilly mountainous areas in China, this paper uses behaviour decision models of farming households to systematically understand and analyse the behavioural mechanism leading to farmland abandonment by different types of farming households, including aged households, stable part-time households, unstable part-time households and pure households. The mechanism is empirically analysed with a logistic regression model by household survey data collected from Jiangxi and Guizhou, 2 Chinese provinces, and the results observed as follows: (1) age is a key determinant of farmland abandonment of aged households, and as the age of farm labourers increases by one year, the probability of farmland abandonment increases by 8.5 %; (2) off-farm labourers is a key determinant of farmland abandonment of stable part-time households, and for each additional number of off-farm labourers, the abandonment probability increases by 41.4 %; (3) plot features such as land quality, irrigation and distance to home, are the main determinants affecting farmland abandonment of pure households; and (4) high possibility for unstable part-time households not to abandon farmland. A series of policy measures targeted for diverse farming households are therefore finally proposed to alleviate the farmland abandonment in hilly mountainous areas and other areas with similar problems.     

The impact of farmland property rights security on the farmland investment in rural China

This paper aims to estimate the effect of the security of farmland property rights on land-attached and long-term investment. Based on the data from a nationally representative sample with 5887 plots of 1175 households among 5 provinces in rural China, we adopt Probit, Ordinary Least Squares / Tobit, and the household fixed effect methods to yield the consistent results. The results show that the security of farmland property rights have significant and positive effects on the possibility and amount of the overall farmland investment. However, it has different effects on the different types of investments. The share of farmland retained significantly affects the investments in soil quality improvement and changing use of the plots but does not affect the investment in water conservancy facilities. The types of farmland property rights affect investments in water conservancy facilities and changing use of plots, but do not affect investment in soil quality improvement. The findings imply that the Chinese government should be the principal investor in water conservancy facilities and enlarge the operational scale of farmland by facilitating farmland transfer to increase private investment.     

Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany

Farmland conversion has become an increasing concern in China and other parts of the world, including Europe and the USA. Be it for environmental or food security reasons, questions arise concerning how urbanization should be governed, i.e. what rules and regulations could enhance the efficiency and sustainability of land use. Taking a first step toward answering such questions, this paper describes different governance structures for farmland conversion in the Netherlands, Germany, and China. Secondly, it compares five identified differences between these countries in the realms of land property, land use planning, the role of the market, the role of government, and the performance of governance structures. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach for comparing governance structures for land conversion that: (a) offers some opportunities for exchange of experience between the three countries and (b) provides a framework for further research on governance structures in farmland conversion.     

Planning for social inclusion: The impact of socioeconomic inequities on the informal development of farmland in suburban Beijing

Informal development on farmland is not only a major problem facing thousands of people, but also a major challenge to land use planning. In the rapidly growing literature on informal land development in China, most authors claim that ambiguous property rights and the dual land tenure system are the primary factors involved. As a result, existing state-led land use planning responses to informal development are solely focused on strengthening the legal regulation of land development. This paper challenges this approach, on the basis of the theory of urban informality. By examining many illegal gated communities in suburban Beijing, the paper argues that the informal development of farmland on the urban fringe is the result of local grassroots groups spontaneously responding to socioeconomic inequities in the context of transition to a market economy. These inequities mainly concern distributive inequity, procedural inequity and contextual inequity in relation to land use. It appears that the ongoing market-oriented initiatives of the state government could worsen informal land development unless these socioeconomic inequalities at the local level are tackled. The growing civil society is another change to the state's control of informal land development in China's cities. A new land use planning system which has more concern for social inclusion rather than focusing on centralized control is imperative in China.     

Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel,household and village levels in mountain areas of China: A multi-level analysis

Cropland abandonment accompanying economic development has been observed worldwide. China has experienced a large amount of land abandonment in recent years. However, the reasons for it are not entirely clear. Although abandonment decisions are made by individual households, the underlying conditions reflect processes operating at multiple levels. Therefore, we aimed to detect the influences on land abandonment at the parcel, household and village levels. We developed and employed a multi-level statistical model using farm household survey data and geographical maps of Wulong County. Our model revealed that of the variance in occurrence of land parcel abandonment, 7% and 13% can be explained at the household and village levels, respectively, while the remnant 80% can be explained at the land parcel features itself. We found that land abandonment is more prone to occur on parcels that are on steep slopes, have poor quality soil, or are remote from the laborers’ residences. Households with less agricultural labor per unit land area showed a high probability of land abandonment. We also found a nonlinear influence of labor age on land abandonment, with households comprising middle-aged laborers having a low land abandonment probability. Parcels in villages with high elevation, far from the county administrative center or with low prevalence of leased land are inclined to abandonment. We also found, surprisingly, that the household proportion of males among its agricultural laborers did not significantly influence the occurrence of land abandonment at the parcel level, probably due to the male agricultural laborers being overwhelmingly old (average age greater than 56 years). To alleviate land abandonment, we suggest improving land tenure and transfer security to ensure stable access to the land rental market, and also improving infrastructure in remote regions.     

Labor migration and the decoupling of the crop-livestock system in a rural mountainous area: Evidence from Chongqing,China

Massive out-migration of rural labor force brings both challenges and opportunities to crop-livestock integrated production system (crop-livestock system) in smallholder economy. Compared with previous researches that have paid major attention to the effect of labor migration on either crop production or livestock husbandry, this study considers the mediating role of crop production in predicting the effect of labor migration on livestock raising. Our econometric estimation based on a 2012 survey of 974 rural households in Chongqing, a mountainous region of China, showed the following. (1) The massive migration of rural labor force had led to significant increase in farmland abandonment and considerable changes in the pattern of livestock raising. (2) The livestock raising number per household began to differentiate, with the livestock system separating from the traditional crop-livestock system and becoming a specialized business. (3) In terms of the pathways through which rural labor migration exerts impact on livestock raising number, though the increased opportunity costs of rural labor greatly reduced farmers’ willingness to raise livestock, the decoupling of the crop-livestock system partly alleviated the declining trend in the livestock raising number because of the availability of household labor force freed from cropping via farmland abandonment. These findings have important policy implications for rural development and agricultural restructuring in mountainous areas of China, and provide references for other developing countries.     

Unravelling the dynamics of access to farmland in Tigray,Ethiopia: The ‘emerging land market’ revisited

This article uses ethnographic evidence from Tigray to revisit the debate on informal rural land markets in present-day Ethiopia. It explores informal farmland rental from a historico-anthropological, micro-analytical perspective in relation to the formal allocation of land use rights and to other informal land transfer practices. It shows how different rationales for land rental give rise to different socially embedded tenancy configurations. On the basis of this empirical evidence, the paper questions the appropriateness of the common idea that in Ethiopia ‘the land rental market is expanding’. It argues that research and policy thinking on land in Ethiopia could gain analytical power and relevance by adopting a less monolithic and abstract view on people's informal land transfer practices.     

城乡统筹视野下农村干部培训体系构建——基于高校培训模式的研究

城乡统筹背景下新农村建设对农村干部培职能提出了新要求,高校迎合时代需求参与农村干部培训,既是干部培训发展的必然趋势,也是高校服务农村发展的重要途径。本文在总结以往培训经验的基础上,结合当下遇到的问题,提出高校应充分利用自身优势,科学论证培训项目;不断创新培训模式;逐步建立和完善培训管理长效机制;在课程设置上应适应农村产业结构调整。     

渔业科技成果转化研究文献综述

本文从科技成果及农业、渔业科技成果转化的相关概念出发,在对国内外专家学者关于农业科技成果转化的概念、转化模式与途径、影响转化的因素、对策建议、转化率及评价指标体系等方面研究进行综述的基础上,侧重分析了渔业科技成果转化的研究现状及进展情况,以期为深入研究渔业科技成果转化率,开展渔业科技成果转化机制与途径、政策组织机制等相关研究提供理论依据与借鉴。     

乡村振兴的共建共治共享路径研究

厘清乡村振兴的主体及实现路径问题,可以避免乡村振兴出现重大导向性偏差。本文在评述政府主导、资本主导和农民自主三种路径面临困境基础上,提出应以习近平"共建共治共享"社会治理理论引领乡村振兴。在阐释习近平"共建共治共享"社会治理理论后,构建了一个乡村振兴与共建共治共享内在关联的理论分析框架,回答了乡村振兴的本质属性"是什么"、乡村振兴"为什么"需要共建共治共享、乡村振兴"怎么"进行共建共治共享的问题。然后以明月村为例,阐明了普通乡村在特定的经济与制度条件下通过共建共治共享走上振兴之路的现实可行性。本文认为,乡村振兴应以增进农民福祉为导向,但从实现路径上不应只依靠农民,多元主体共建共治共享至关重要。现阶段实施乡村振兴战略,关键是抓住城市化带动消费升级的历史机遇,健全城乡融合的体制机制,构建一套可操作的共建共治共享机制,让城市化辐射到的乡村以市场方式率先振兴起来,同时把节约的财力转移给城市化辐射不到的乡村进行保底建设。