大型外资超市滥用市场优势地位的法律规制

针对大型外资超市滥用市场优势地位越来越严重的情况,近年来我国采取了积极的规制措施,并主要集中于法律规制、行政规制,而地方政府的规制以及行业规制起到了补充作用。但是,大型外资超市依然以各种方式滥用市场优势地位,零供矛盾没有得到彻底解决。为了增强规制效果,建议增强《反垄断法》的可操作性,完善《反不正当竞争法》,制定统一的《零售商供应商公平交易法》,发挥行业协会等非政府组织的积极作用。     

论我国公用企业滥用市场支配地位的规制

当前我国公用企业滥用市场支配地位力的行为十分严重，严重扰乱了市场经济秩序，而规范这一行为的有效法律制度尚未建立起来。本文就我国《反垄断法》对企业滥用市场支配地位进行规制提出构想。     

我国零售企业国际化经营的战略思考

随着我国零售业的开放,面对中国本土的跨国零售集团的巨大冲击,我国零售企业应开展外向型的国际化经营,开拓海外新的市场空间,创立新的竞争优势,寻找在经济全球化下的生存和发展之路。研究我国零售企业的经营国际化,对增强我国零售企业的竞争优势有着极为重要的现实意义。     

交易协议应注意反价格垄断

2009年8月,国家发展和改革委员会发布《反价格垄断规定（征求意见稿）》,该规定对《反垄断法》所规定＂垄断协议＂和＂滥用市场支配地位＂之垄断定价情形做了详细规定。该规定正式出台后,将对批发、零售等供销交易的协议价格制定提供相对明确的反垄断预期。     

对规制企业滥用市场支配地位行为的思考

本文阐述了市场支配地位的概念及获得途径，分析了企业滥用行为及其判定标准，并针对我国规制滥用行为的法律缺陷，提出立法建议。要以概括式与列举式相结合规范滥用行为的概念；在反垄断法中对滥用行为的规制原则加以明确；注重对相关时间市场的考察；加强对公用企业滥用行为的防治；加强法律的惩罚力度。切实维护市场竞争机制。     

对跨国公司专利权滥用行为的立法规制

当前,作为对华投资和技术转移的主体,跨国公司以其专利战略的实施对我国企业的生存和发展带来了日益严峻的挑战,我国从立法层面上规制专利权滥用行为已成为当务之急。目前我国现有的相关法律比较零散,新颁布的《反垄断法》和正在修订的《专利法》也有待进一步完善。我国应当从实际出发,完善规制跨国公司专利权滥用行为的法律制度,将《反垄断法》和《专利法》作为规制专利权滥用行为的核心法律,努力达到二者的平衡与协调,使其日臻完善。     

商場鏖战:我国零售业应对跨国公司的策略

本文论述跨国零售公司运作的主要特点及对我国零售市场的具体影响,认为跨国公司的进入既全方位冲击了国内零售企业,同时也带来了诸多可以借鉴的经验;国内零售业要充分发挥优势、缩小差距、扬长避短、努力追寻应对跨国公司的策略,在商场鏖战中发展壮大.     

商场鏖战：我国零售业应对跨国公司的策略

本文论述跨国零售公司运作的主要特点及对我国零售市场的具体影响，认为跨国公司的进入既全方位冲击了国内零售企业，同时也带来了诸多可以借鉴的经验；国内零售业要充分发挥优势、缩小差距、扬长避短、努力追寻应对跨国公司的策略，在商场鏖战中发展壮大。     

中国零售企业跨国经营战略选择

在世界范围内特别是发达国家零售企业跨国经营迅猛发展的同时,中国零售企业也在积累和创造条件并尝试走出国门和开展跨国经营.为了取得跨国经营的真正成功,具备条件的中国零售企业,必须在对国际零售市场进行周密调查的基础上,制定和实施符合中国零售企业特点的跨国经营战略.     

他们

他们影响我们许昆林:政府定价的商品不在监管之内国家发改委日前发布了《反价格垄断规定》,对价格垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位和滥用行政权力等价格垄断     

South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID-19 disaster period

The declaration of a state of national disaster in South Africa, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, was followed by excessive-pricing regulations pertaining to certain consumer and medical products and services. The regulations and their application suggest an intertemporal benchmark to judge excessive pricing, deviating from previous practice. Intertemporal comparisons assume a structural shift during COVID-19 that changes competitive conditions, related to changes in consumer behaviour. Such comparisons must also account for demand and cost changes. While the COVID-19 regulations allow for cost-based price increases, demand-based increases are not explicitly accounted for, suggesting that the regulations are framed more generally as price-gouging regulations. The differences between price-gouging and excessive-pricing benchmarks depends on the type of disaster-period demand shock. They are similar following a transitory demand spike, provided sufficient time is allowed for dynamic price behaviour, but differ markedly when demand is elevated for the duration of the disaster period. Applying simple cost-based comparisons in recently concluded cases against smaller retailers are consistent with excessive pricing, given the presence of a demand spike. To the extent that these involve persistently higher demand, cases against wholesalers and larger retailers will be more complicated, as such demand must be reflected in competitive prices.     

Economic Effect of Zoning Regulations on Korea's Small and Medium‐Sized Retailers*

In this paper, we investigated the economic effects of zoning regulations on the retail industry in Korea. We estimated the changes in the number of sales for retail stores using a panel regression analysis for stores in traditional markets. This analysis was conducted to examine the benefit of zoning regulations on retail stores. Our results show that the zoning regulations (called Traditional Commercial Activity Protection Zones) have contributed to an improvement in the actual business performance of small independent retailers. We found that the amount of sales for each store clearly increased on average in the areas designated as Traditional Commercial Activity Protection Zones where there was no market entry of mega supermarket chains (called SSM in Korea). We also present evidence that the effects of this policy differ geographically: the effects were stronger for small and medium cities than for large metropolitan cities. These results suggest that zoning regulations enacted by the government to protect traditional markets and small retailers should also consider regional differences when assessing policy effectiveness.     

知识产权保护与限制滥用之平衡研究

知识产权本质上是一种私权,又是一种垄断,当权利人在行使权利时超出了法律所允许的范围,滥用其垄断地位,从事损害他人或社会公共利益的行为,就是知识产权的滥用。我国知识产权保护水平有攀高与超标之势,需要改变目前知识产权＂强保护＂、＂弱限制＂的状况,即在对知识产权进行保护的同时,加强对知识产权滥用的限制。然而,保护的度与限制的范围的把握仍然是理论与实务上的一个难题。需要从理论上对滥用的表现形式进行梳理,对限制滥用的依据进行分析,以求最终找到知识产权保护与限制滥用的利益平衡机制。     

消费品牌意识下的自有品牌产品质量特性的选择

随着品牌意识的逐步增强,消费者更愿意选择具有品牌效应的商品。文章以空间差异化分析模型为基础,引入消费者品牌意识变量,建立了一个新的产品差异化模型。依靠于参数情况,给出了消费者强、弱、一般三种典型的品牌意识下产品质量特性竞争的纳什均衡类型。结果表明,消费者对某类商品品牌意识越弱。产品之间越会差并化,低质量特性产品所获得的市场份额及其利润也会越大。而随着消费者品牌意识增强,零售商越愿意提供高质量特性的产品,其对应的市场份额及其利润也会越大。这从而解释了在消费者品牌意识较弱的产品品类中,零售商发展低质量自有品牌产品的原因。     

The Manufacturers' Choice of Distribution Policy under Successive Duopoly

We examine an asymmetric noncooperative game between two manufacturers selecting the number of retailers who can distribute their products. In deciding whether to distribute through one or both retailers, there are two conflicting effects: the output expansion effect, because the product is sold in more outlets; and the competitive effect, associated with the introduction of intrabrand competition. Product differentiation and demand asymmetries between the two products determine which of these two effects dominates the other. When product differentiation is strong and brand asymmetry is moderate, both manufacturers distribute through both retailers in equilibrium. However, when both product differentiation and brand asymmetry are weak, exclusive dealing through a single retailer is the equilibrium. Perhaps the most interesting finding is that there also exist asymmetric equilibria in which one manufacturer distributes through both retailers but the other manufacturer distributes through one retailer. These equilibria can arise when both product differentiation and brand asymmetry are strong.     

THE ECONOMICS OF PLASTIC BAG LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA1

In May 2003 South Africa introduced legislation intended to decrease plastic bag litter. It combined standards and price‐based economic tools in an attempt to reduce the public's demand for plastic bags. This paper analyses the short term effects of the legislation on bag demand. It also provides a background to these regulations and a theoretical overview. The assessment uses bag consumption data from four retailers, each representing a different consumer market. These are analysed, and respective price elasticities calculated. The results suggest that plastic bag demand is relatively price inelastic and imply that instruments utilising price alone, would have limited efficacy. However, the combination of standards and pricing successfully curbed plastic bag use in the short run. Further analysis suggests that the effectiveness of the legislation may be declining over time.     

中、外大型零售企业的竞争力比较分析

随着国际零售业巨头全面进入我国,中国本土大型零售企业面临激烈的竞争,本文就中国零售企业与国际零售企业之间在盈利能力、管理水平、自有品牌、规模、技术水平等方面的差距进行讨论后,并提出了缩小这些差距的对策。     

Production of and trade in African indigenous vegetables in the urban and peri-urban areas of Durban,South Africa

This paper reports on the farming and trade of lesser known crops, here termed African indigenous vegetables (AIVs), in the Durban metropole. Most households grow AIVs, and collect them from the wild, primarily for home consumption. Modal income from sale was approximately R30 per month per farmer, most of whom were middle-aged to elderly females, with limited education, who had been cultivating AIVs here for many years. The main constraints to greater sales were deemed to be low market demand and adverse climate. The commonest AIVs grown were pumpkin leaves, taro and amaranth. Although most farmers sold very little, there is a thriving retail trade in AIVs. Generally, retailers were females, but younger and more educated than the farmers. The majority viewed retailing as a full-time occupation. Modal income for retailers was R450 per month, but included non-AIV produce. Most of the traders thought there was insufficient market demand for AIVs.     

国际贸易中知识产权滥用的反垄断规制

知识经济时代的知识产权滥用现象日益普遍,将反垄断法引入规制知识产权滥用的法律体系之中有着重要的现实意义。本文对反垄断法规制知识产权滥用的正当性进行了初步的论证,提出了关于我国反垄断立法中对知识产权滥用进行法律规制时应明确的问题。