国际金融危机对世界及中国经济的影响

国际金融危机对全球经济的冲击仍在持续,对全球经济增长、国际金融市场、全球版图和治理模式将继续产生深远影响。在此背景下,本文分析了危机后全球经济增长率下滑的成因、国际金融市场的可能变化、全球政治经济权力的分配和运行的深刻调整,综合研判了国际金融危机对我国经济将会产生的长期影响。     

金融危机对广东外贸的影响及对策分析

2008年以来,中国受到金融危机的冲击,经济对外依存度高的广东首当其冲。国际经济形势恶化对广东进出口的影响可能进一步加深,但广东出口产品结构的优化、产品的价格优势、应对外部环境变化能力的不断增强以及对新兴市场的开拓使其在全球金融危机的大背景下仍然保有对外贸易平稳发展的不少有利条件和积极因素,只要进一步加快产业升级、积极延伸产业价值链、努力开拓新兴市场,广东外贸将能够平稳度过全球金融危机的冲击。     

战略新兴产业金融支持研究——以北京中关村为例

战略新兴产业萌发于科技创新,壮大于金融支持。金融市场越完善,创新的生命周期就越短。本文通过使用传统计量方法与空间计量方法,以中关村战略新兴产业为例,测度新兴产业不同生命周期与不同金融支持工具的对应关系,并在此基础上分析新兴产业不同生命周期与金融资源配置主体的动态对应关系,得出如下结论：对于新兴产业的发展来说,银行信贷是最有效的金融支持工具;在战略新兴产业发展的初创期和成长期,金融资源的配置主体应是市场为主,政府为辅,政府过度扶持不会产生明显作用;在战略新兴产业发展的成熟期和衰退期,金融资源的配置主体是完全市场,政府退出,所以放开对私营银行的限制,放松利率管制,放开区域金融垄断是拯救战略新兴中小企业的重要路径。     

新兴市场国家金融危机原因浅析

新兴市场国家经济在过去的20年里取得了举世瞩目的成就,但自20世纪90年代开始,其却频频受到金融危机的冲击:1994年的墨西哥危机、1997年的东南亚危机、1998年的俄罗斯危机、2001年的阿根廷危机。这反映了新兴市场国家在金融全球化进程中的脆弱性。本文主要详细分析新兴市场国     

Financial Globalization and Banking Crises in Emerging Markets

Bank crises in emerging economies have been a feature of the recent global crisis, and their incidence has increased in the post-Bretton Woods era. This paper investigates the impact of financial globalization on the incidence of systemic bank crises in 20 emerging markets over the years 1976–2002 using measures of de facto and de jure financial openness. An increase in foreign debt liabilities contributes to an increase in the incidence of crises, but foreign direct investment and portfolio equity liabilities have the opposite effect. A more liberal de jure capital regime lowers the incidence of banking crises, while a regime of fixed exchange rates increases their frequency. The results of the econometric analysis is consistent with the experience of East European and central Asian emerging markets, which attracted a relatively large proportion of capital flows in the form of debt in recent years and have been particularly hard hit by the global financial crisis.     

Is the COVID-19 pandemic more contagious for the Asian stock markets? A comparison with the Asian financial,the US subprime and the Eurozone debt crisis

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has sent shock waves across the global stock markets. Several financial crises in the past too have had a global impact with their reach extending beyond the country of origin. The current study compares the contagion effect of four such crises viz. the Asian financial crisis, the US subprime crisis, the Eurozone debt crisis, and the currently ongoing Covid-19 crisis on Asian stock markets to understand which of these has had the most severe impact. It finds that among all the four crises, the US subprime crisis has been the most contagious for the Asian stock markets. The study also highlights the difference between severities of a liquidity crisis versus a real crisis and identifies the markets that remained insulated from all these crises, a finding which will be useful for portfolio managers in devising their asset allocation.     

建设冀东经济区 应对国际金融危机

此次波及全球的金融危机破坏严重,资本市场大幅动荡,多家重量级金融机构陷入破产困境,且对实体经济产生了不利影响。世界各主要经济体纷纷进入经济下行周期。在全球经济一体化的今天,中国经济必然受到金融危机的影响。河北省作为中国的一个经济大省,如何应对金融危机是摆在决策者面前的一个重要课题。本文在科学认识国际金融危机的基础上,提出着力建设冀东经济区,来减轻金融危机对经济社会的冲击和负面作用,保证社会经济平稳运行,并打造河北经济新的增长极。     

Federal Reserve Communications and Emerging Equity Markets

Work on the impact of U.S. monetary policy on emerging financial markets mostly focuses on official target rate announcements; empirical evidence using data on informal communication channels, such as speeches, is scant. Employing a unique data set covering formal and informal communication channels in a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model framework, we provide comprehensive evidence on the effects of U.S. monetary policy on 17 emerging equity market returns over the period 1998–2009. We find, first, that both monetary policy actions and communications have a significant impact on market returns. Second, target rate change surprises are an important driver of emerging market returns. However, informal communications—particularly when taking into account their higher frequency—have a larger (cumulative) influence on returns than do target rate surprises. Third, during the recent financial crisis, central bank communication played an even more pronounced role. Finally, American emerging markets react more to communications than do non‐American markets.     

External balance sheets as countercyclical crisis buffers

The external balance sheets of many emerging market countries are distinguished by their holdings of assets primarily in the form of foreign debt and foreign exchange reserves, while their liabilities are predominantly equity, either foreign direct investment or portfolio equity. We investigate the claim that this composition served as a buffer for the emerging markets during the global financial crisis of 2008–09. We use data from a sample of 67 emerging market and advanced economies, and several indicators of the crisis are utilized: GDP growth rates in 2008–09, the occurrence of bank crises and the use of IMF credit. Our results show that those countries that issued FDI liabilities had higher growth rates, fewer bank crises and were less likely to borrow from the IMF. Countries with debt liabilities, on the other hand, had more bank crises and were more likely to use IMF credit. We conclude that the “long debt, short equity” (hold debt assets, issue equity liabilities) strategy of emerging markets did mitigate the effects of the global financial crisis.     

Contagion and Global Financial Crises: Lessons from Nine Crisis Episodes

Episodes of extraordinary turbulence in global financial markets are examined during nine crises ranging from the Asian crisis in 1997–98 to the recent European debt crisis of 2010–13. After dating each crisis using a regime switching model, the analysis focuses on changes in the dependence structures of equity markets through correlation, coskewness and covolatility to address a range of hypotheses regarding contagion transmission. The results show that the great recession is a true global financial crisis. Finance linkages are more likely to result in crisis transmission than trade and emerging market crises transmit unexpectedly, particularly to developed markets.     

From the Great Moderation to the Global Crisis: Exchange Market Pressure in the 2000s

We study exchange market pressures (EMP) and using international reserves by emerging markets (EMs) during the 2000s. We find that financial considerations dominated trade factors. The impact of gross short-term external debt quintuples during the crisis. Capital outflows and deleveraging was the force behind EMP rise during the global financial crisis. Greater FDI (greater portfolio debt) inflows prior to the crisis were associated with a lower (higher) crisis EMP, respectively. The severity of the financial shock was exacerbated by financial ties to the U.S., while the trade shock was more severe in EMs with a larger commodity export share.     

开放条件下中国金融风险预警指标体系研究

本文从金融危机形成机理的分析入手,构建了一套由宏观经济风险指标、金融市场风险指标、银行经营风险指标以及金融开放风险指标等4个子系统组成的金融风险预警综合指标体系。本文采用动态分析的方法,考察该指标体系对我国金融风险变化的预警功效,从而为金融危机的预警提供量化判断依据。研究表明,金融开放带来的跨境短期资本流动变化及其对外短期债务规模扩大的风险,对金融体系安全的影响较大,值得密切关注。     

金融危机背景下再论金融发展与经济增长——基于发达经济体与新兴市场国家的实证检验

20世纪90年代以来,全球金融危机频发,引发对金融发展、政策与经济增长关系的重新思考。本文收集了39个国家和地区1994～2007年间的年度数据,利用面板数据计量经济分析方法,针对发达经济体与新兴市场和发展中国家的不同,通过面板数据的单位根检验、协整分析和构建误差修正模型,检验金融发展、政策与经济增长的长期均衡关系及短期因果关系。     

金融危机对新兴市场国家贸易影响的动态效应研究

在经济全球化的大背景下,金融危机严重影响部分国家甚至全球的经济运行。作为目前全球增长的最大贡献力量,以出口导向为主要特征的新兴市场国家,面临金融危机时常表现出高频性和脆弱性。文章通过引力模型的实证分析得出：危机爆发年中,货币贬值都对进口和出口产生消极影响,且对进口的影响程度大于出口;危机爆发接下来的两年期间,货币贬值促进出口增长,进口依然下降。另外,金融危机对国际贸易的冲击反应表明：总体上,危机期间,进口不断下降,而对出口的影响轨迹在1980-1995年间呈＂U＂型,在1996-2007年间表现为短期即刻下降,而后迅速上升,第二年后恢复并超过危机前正常水平。     

German,US and Central and Eastern European Stock Market Integration

This paper examines the long-term linkages between seven Central and Eastern European (CEE) emerging stock markets and two developed stock markets, namely the German and the US markets. The stability of the long-run relationships is studied using recursive cointegration analysis. The results reveal that the financial linkages between the CEE markets and the world markets increased with the beginning of the EU accession process. Furthermore, the application of the Gonzalo and Granger (J Bus Econ Stat 13:27–35, 1995) methodology indicates that the examined stock markets are partially integrated, while there is also evidence that the emerging stock markets of Central and Eastern Europe except for Estonia together with the German and the US stock markets, have a significant common permanent component, which drives this system of stock exchanges in the long run. Finally, it is worthwhile to note that the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 caused a slowdown in the convergence process. In addition we find evidence that the Slovenian stock market exhibits a moderate increase in the transitory component and this may be attributed to the Slovenian full membership in the euro area.     

Why are currency crises contagious? A comparison of the Latin American Crisis of 1994–1995 and the Asian Crisis of 1997–1998

Why Are Currency Crises Contagious? A Comparison of the Latin American Crisis of 1994–1995 and the Asian Crisis of 1997–1998.—This paper analyzes three channels through which currency crises are transmitted between countries: contagion based on unsustainable economic fundamentals; contagion resulting from herding behaviour in financial markets; contagion induced by close trade integration. The presented model that links currency crises with these three types of contagion is employed to analyze the transmission of the Mexican crisis in 1994–1995 and the Thai crisis in 1997 to other emerging economies. The empirical results show that, first, the most important contagion channels were based on close financial and trade integration rather than on the weakness of macroeconomic fundamentals. Second, the vulnerability to capital flow reversals and weak financial sectors made countries particularly prone to a currency crisis, while external imbalances and currency misalignments were much less important. JEL no. F30, E60, E65, E44     

The Tet offensive: A turning point in America's Asian policy

A series of financial crises in emerging market economies during the 1990s have been a catalyst for efforts to strengthen the international financial system. Indeed, much has been done to strengthen the architecture of the international financial system, both in terms of crisis prevention and crisis management. The powerful G‐7 countries have made it clear that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays a significant role in shaping the new global financial architecture. However, is the IMF up to the task? This paper argues that despite its many limitations, the IMF is an important institution that can strengthen the global financial system. The paper begins with a discussion of what the IMF is and what it is not This will help put in perspective the nature, mandate, and role of this much‐misunderstood global institution. The second section reviews some of the recent reforms the IMF has introduced to effectively carry out its new function. While these reforms are hardly revolutionary, they nevertheless, will significantly strengthen both the domestic and international financial system. The third section examines the Achilles heel of the IMF—that its policies promote moral hazard. How effectively have the IMF reforms addressed this? It is argued that although the problems associated with moral hazard can never be fully eliminated, the IMF reforms will greatly mitigate the problem. It is very likely that for the foreseeable future, the IMF will continue to serve as an informal international lender of last resort.     

China and the Global Financial Crisis： Assessing the Impacts and Policy Responses

The present paper explores the role of China in the creation of the current global financial crisis and the impacts of the crisis on its economy. It argues against the view that the ＂saving glut＂ in China （along with other Asian emerging economies） played a significant causal role in the crisis. The global financial crisis did not engender much damage in China＇s financial structure, thanks to the relatively closed, bank-centered financial system. However, the impacts on the ＂real＂ side of the Chinese economy were hard felt. Growth and employment have fallen, largely due to the decline in exports and foreign direct investment. The crisis reveals the vulnerability of the export-dependent growth pattern. Policy responses of the Chinese Government, including monetary, fiscal and social policies, have helped to stem the downfall of the economy in the immediate term, but some of the policies have not addressed the structural problems of the Chinese economy and might well aggravate such problems over time. The present paper proposes a tentative reform blueprint to rebalance the economy and to sustain long-term growth.     

国际金融危机对我国旅游业的影响及对策研究

本文运用旅游需求收入弹性原理和旅游需求价格弹性原理分析了国际金融危机对我国三大旅游市场的影响。认为金融危机势必造成我国入境旅游客源锐减,出境旅游人数激增以及国内旅游市场疲软。由此,提出要通过发挥政府的主导作用、加强对港澳台市场促销、旅游业上下游企业齐心协力“抱团过冬”以及鼓励实力雄厚的旅游企业跨国经营的相应对策,力求将金融危机对我国旅游业的负面影响降到最低限度。     

China's Non-Performing Bank Loan Crisis: the role of economic rents

Various reasons have been put forward to explain the massive accumulation of non-performing loans in China. This paper applies the financial-restraint model as the analytical framework and argues that failure to create sufficient economic rents is the chief reason underlying the current dismal performance of banks. While the formal financial system is less important than the informal system—especially for financing the private enterprises that are playing a crucial role in economic growth—not addressing the non-performing loan crisis in the formal financial system will likely invite an economic slow-down.