21世纪——生物经济时代的到来

20世纪是由物理学和化学主宰的世纪 ,2 1世纪将是由生物学主宰的世纪。突飞猛进的生物技术将给人们带来巨大的经济效益 ,形成生物经济 ,而生物经济的前途不可限量 ,必将改变人类生活的各个方面。     

生物技术产业中的风险投资

一、风险投资的热点 :生物技术产业及其发展随 着网络神话的破灭 ,“人类基因组计划”和克隆等技术的突破性进展 ,生物技术产业作为新兴产业被推向投资领域的最前沿。生物技术是一个基于分子生物学、细胞生物学、分子遗传学、蛋白质学、生物信息学等多学科综合性技术系统。按照美国生物技术产业组织的定义 ,生物技术是指“利用细胞和分子过程来解决问题或制造产品的技术”。近年来 ,生物技术领域的研究、开发和产业化十分活跃 ,相继取得了一些重大突破 ,其中包括基因组研究、克隆技术、基因治疗、生物芯片、器官移植技术、农业生物技术等。2 0年来 ,美国生物技术公司的市场总值增加了 5 0多倍 ,目前拥有生物技术公司 15 0 0家。 1999年 ,美国生物技术产业营业总收入达 2 0 0亿美元 ,有人预测到 2 0 2 5年美国生物技术市场的贸易额将达到 2 5 2 0 0亿美元 ,欧洲国家在 5年内也将达到 336 0亿美元 ,日本到 2 0 10年将达到 2 0 80亿美元。我国生物技术产业起步于 2 0世纪 80年代初 ,现已深入到医药、农业、轻化工、环保等国民经济的各个领域。在国家的大力支持下 ,我国生物技术已有了相当发展 ,...     

美国转基因技术研发应用概况及对我国的启示

1.前言20世纪80年代以来,以信息技术、生物技术、新材料新能源技术为代表的科技进步日新月异,其中以植物基因工程为核心的农业生物技术的应用是对传统农业的重大技术革命。     

美国农业生物技术研究与开发应用

美国农业生物技术研究与开发应用古月新生物技术作为一项新兴的高新技术,对农业和医药的发展将产生深远的影响。农业生物技术为人类在２１世纪解决全球粮食问题带来了希望。美国在生物技术方面一直处于世界领先地位,农业生物技术的研究和开发应用也备受重视。一、农业生...     

古巴生物技术强国的道路

古巴自20世纪80年代开始发展生物技术,从生物技术的基础开始发展,经过30多年的发展,古巴的生物技术在世界范围内获得了良好声誉,特别是在生物医药领域,开发了一系列的药物,造福人类健康,该行业成为古巴主要的国家经济支柱之一。本文将就古巴生物技术的发展轨迹作一简单介绍。     

生物技术将是各国竞争的热点

２０世纪是人类科技发展最为迅速和科技成果最为辉煌的时代，生物技术也取得了长足进步。生物技术同其他技术相结合，形成了许多新的技术领域，它将构成下个世纪新的经济增长点，是各国进行高技术竞争的主要热点之一。各国为开发生物技术提供政策支持目前，生物技术已成为...     

国外生物技术产业发展动向

一、国外生物技术产业的现状及发展趋势 在全球经济增长过程中,生物技术产业展示了强劲、高速、持续和先导的发展态势,是21世纪的支柱产业之一。具体表现在以下几个方面: (一)全球生物技术产业发展迅猛。 根据美国Emst ＆ Young生物技术产业协会统计数据,2001年全球有生物技术公司4284家,相关支撑行业的公司数万家,主要集中在美国和     

农业生物技术与全球粮食援助

发展中国家的粮食问题日趋严重,全球粮食援助陷入总量不足的困境。农业生物技术是21世纪支撑性战略技术之一,为提高发展中国家农业产量、增加全球粮援供给提供了契机。分析了发展中国家的粮食问题,研究了农业生物技术及产业发展,进而阐明农业生物技术对全球粮食援助的意义与对策。     

智利国家生物技术发展战略--新的研发领域和提高产品竞争力的手段

20世纪生物技术的飞跃发展，不仅在科学研究上取得了突破，也在生产领域带来了巨大的经济收益。对此，智利政府有了充分的认识。2003年。智利生物技术发展委员会组织了有关政府机构、企业、大专院校等部门对生物技术在智利的发展进行了专门研究。向总统提出了报告。在此基础上，形成了智利国家生物技术发展政策。     

生物产业新世纪的福音

近些肘候,有关基因的新闻和话题不断,生命科学和技术又成为人们谈论和注意的焦点。早在二十世纪八十年代,就有人指出二十一世纪是生物技术的世纪。如今,我们已经迈入新千年生物技术发展以及产业化进程不断取得阶段性成果有理由相信,生物的新世纪已经离我们不远了。在过去一年半的华尔街股市上。以技术股为主的纳斯达克综合指数中的生物技术类股票指数上升了312％标准普尔500种股票指数中的生物技术类股票指数也从去年第四季度开始迅速攀升,至今升幅超过周0％。整个华尔街股市生物股的市场资本在过去12个月中翻了一番,达到3000多亿美…     

美国生物技术企业市场定价及启示

生命科学和生物技术行业不断凸现出投资价值,其日益受到证券市场的青睐,生物技术公司成为了投资者追捧的对象.由于该产业在我国的发展刚刚起步,企业在获取投资者认可等方面还存在很多问题.通过对美国生物技术行业主要上市公司的数据分析,探索了该类企业在证券市场定价的一般规律.     

日本农业领域生物技术的研究开发与应用

进入新世纪,日本将生物技术产业纳入国家经济发展的最重要产业之一,政府和民间通过各种方式全力推进其技术研发和成果产业化进程。 在农业领域,日本虽然在基因育种等个别领域起步较晚,但凭借其在尖端技术研发和资金投入等方面的实力,农业生物技术的研发水平在短期内迅速提高,综合研发能力和许多单项技术水平已处于世界前列。基因组研究和转基因技术开发不断取得突破性进展,功能食品开发成果显著,胚胎移植和克隆技术已实际应用,利用不同生物手段育成大量的动植物新品种。许多研发成果已成功转化并实现产业化,生物技术在日本的现代化农业中起愈加重要的作用。 本文概述了目前日本农业生物技术的发展战略和政策措施,以及种植、畜产、水产等六大领域生物技术的研发现状和最新进展,并对农业生物技术主要研发机构的情况作了简要介绍。     

海洋高技术发展趋势

本文从社会经济、海洋科学基础等需求与可能入手 ,探讨 2 1世纪初期海洋高技术的发展前景。作者在分析海洋高技术对国民经济和社会发展的作用 ,以及近年来国际海洋科学技术发展趋势的基础上 ,提出了我国发展海洋高技术的五个重点领域 :1 .海洋油气资源勘探开发技术 ;2 .海洋农牧化和海洋生物技术 ;3.海洋环境观测技术 ;4 .深海采矿技术 ;5 .海水淡化和综合利用技术     

Spontaneous vs. policy-driven: The origin and evolution of the biotechnology cluster

The biotechnology industry is at the heart of the fast-growing knowledge-based economy. One of the distinguishing characteristics of this industry is clustering. A cluster, like an organism, experiences origin, growth, and decline/reorientation. Our study constructs a framework to analyze biotechnology clusters with different origins, “spontaneous” and “policy-driven”, through their life cycles. We use the Bay Area in the United States and Shanghai Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in China as two cases to represent spontaneous and policy-driven biotechnology clusters. This study fills the gap in the literature by comparing these two types of biotechnology clusters in an evolutionary perspective. The key success factors of both biotechnology clusters are their own human and financial capital, but they differ in their underlying processes for creating and sharing these resources. The most fundamental differences arise from the impact of entrepreneurship, social capital and network patterns on the cluster's configuration.     

Using resources in R&D policy planning: Brazil, the Amazon and biotechnology

Brazil's research and development (R&D) policies are examined in light of changes in economic direction especially as it pertains to competition. In a competitive environment, regions should develop industrial applications and expertise in areas that coincide with their resources. These could be human resources but could, as in the focus of this paper, be useful resources that differentiate the region from others in the world. This differentiation provides an advantage to the region. Brazil and its Amazon region has the large majority of the world's rare genes. In biotechnology, genes are “green gold,” and Brazil is slowly developing a biotechnology industry and beginning to tap into the Brazilian Amazon region's economic biotech potential. This region has enormous potential for the development of biotech-related technologies and products. This paper discusses the relationship between resources and an R&D strategy using as an example the recent developments in biotechnology research in Brazil and the role of the Amazon region in the development of a Brazilian biotechnology industry. It recommends a number of policy initiatives that will enhance Brazil's focus on biotechnology.     

开发生物质资源 实现可持续发展

资源、环境、粮食问题是我国在２１世纪持续发展中将面临的最主要挑战。木质纤维素是地球上数量最丰富的可再生性资源。仅我国每年的各种农林废弃物和工业纤维性废渣就有十亿吨。目前这部分资源还远未得到充分的开发利用,有些还造成严重的环境污染。利用生物技术等手段,将其中一部分转化为燃料、饲料、化工原料并予以有效利用,即可望对上述难题的解决做出巨大贡献     

Biotechnology and the Potential for a Radical Shift of Technology in Forest Industry

Is biotechnology a revolutionary technology that will dramatically transform present technological systems, industries and society or will the entrance of biotechnology into industry rather take the shape of incremental innovations without any deeper impact on dominating technological paradigms? The vast science and technology research in this area has focused on pharmaceuticals and neglected the potential role for large scale biomass handling activities like the forest industry in general and pulp and paper industry in particular. In addition the industry itself has not focused its R&D activities towards utilization of biotechnology on inputs, processes or products. This is a study on the technological system for pulp and paper facing the challenge of a radical shift of technology. The confrontation between the genuinely science based biotechnology and its community on the one hand, and the pulp and paper community (highly scientific within the framework of a low-technology industry) on the other, is analyzed as are the industrial and economic potentials and limitations of biotechnology in this area.     

Targeting the biotechnology clusters in North Carolina and Israel: lessons from successful and unsuccessful policy making

This paper analyses the development of biotechnology clusters in North Carolina (NC) and Israel. In both NC and Israel, when the biotechnology was identified as a potential strategic priority, the framework conditions were suitable for successful policy-targeting. NC presents a case of a successful transition from a traditional manufacturing economy to a knowledge economy. The most successful part of this transition was a policy-led development of a biotechnology cluster in the Research Triangle. While Israel also presents a case of a successful transition from a low-tech economy to a knowledge-intensive economy, Israel failed to develop a successful biotechnology cluster. We suggest that this failure is mostly due to a failure to implement policy to encourage such development. We argue that the elements, which separate NC's success from Israel's failure, are: a clear vision and strategic planning; timely response, long-term commitment; strong leadership; cooperation between the government, private sector and academia, and an adjustable policy-making process.     

Does a clustered location matter for high-technology companies' performance? The case of biotechnology in the Netherlands

Young entrepreneurial companies in biotechnology tend to cluster in space, nearby research universities and research centers. This pattern is often ascribed to the availability of external economies, mainly local knowledge spillovers that help to reduce the uncertainty from a disruptive technology faced by these companies. Given a shortage of empirical research on cluster advantages and performance of clustered companies, we present results of a comparative analysis of clustered and non-clustered companies in biotechnology and Bionanotechnology in the Netherlands. It appears that, among other influences, a clustered location has no significant influence on innovation and speed of growth. However, a location in the largest cluster (Leiden) does contribute to a better performance in terms of innovativeness compared with all other locations. The kind of external economies involved seems to vary according to the stage in the knowledge value chain and the segment in biotechnology industry. Knowledge spillovers tend to be local for companies involved in new drugs and diagnostics research only in the first stage of the knowledge chain and for service companies regardless of the stage in the knowledge chain.     

The international diffusion of biotechnology: the arrival of developing countries

According to conventional economic theory, countries tend to converge in economic and technological terms towards the leader. More recently, empirical approaches by economic historians (Abramovitz, Landes, Madison, Reinert) have found that while some countries are catching up, others are falling increasingly behind. Several theories compete to explain the precise mechanisms that explain how technological diffusion takes place. The paper reviews them and draws testable hypotheses for the study of international biotechnology diffusion. Biotechnologies are one of the leading sets of technologies developed in the late 20th century. They encompass applications in agriculture, chemicals, environment and pharmaceuticals. The United States has led the way in both scientific and industrial development of biotechnologies and these have quickly spread to Canada, Japan and Western Europe. Are the main developing countries adopting biotechnology? A study of the adoption of human health biotechnology in eight developing countries in Asia (China, India, Korea, and Singapore) and Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico) was conducted, based on the analysis of in situ interviews, patents and scientific publication. The study shows a marked process of adoption and learning in science: each of the above-mentioned developing countries is increasing its share of world publication between 1996 and 2008. However, their share of biotechnology patents for the same period has barely increased. There are also regional differences in terms of sectoral concentration; Latin America, Argentina and Brazil are eager adopters of agricultural biotechnology and are moving up in the pharmaceutical records. Several Argentinean, Chinese, Indian, and South Korean pharmaceutical companies have been particularly active in the development of biogenerics.