Mining and Social Movements: Struggles Over Livelihood and Rural Territorial Development in the Andes

Social movements have been viewed as vehicles through which the concerns of poor and marginalized groups are given greater visibility within civil society, lauded for being the means to achieve local empowerment and citizen activism, and seen as essential in holding the state to account and constituting a grassroots mechanism for promoting democracy. However, within development studies little attention has been paid to understanding how social movements can affect trajectories of development and rural livelihood in given spaces, and how these effects are related to movements’ internal dynamics and their interaction with the broader environment within which they operate. This paper addresses this theme for the case of social movements protesting contemporary forms of mining investment in Latin America. On the basis of cases from Peru and Ecuador, the paper argues that the presence and nature of social movements has significant influences both on forms taken by extractive industries (in this case mining) and on the effects of this extraction on rural livelihoods. In this sense, one can usefully talk about rural development as being co-produced by movements, mining companies, and other actors, in particular the state. The terms of this co-production, however, vary greatly among different locations, reflecting the distinct geographies of social mobilization and of mineral investment, as well as the varying power relationships among the different actors involved.     

A pilot study to assess rural water supplies and sanitation conditions on the Pongolo floodplain — A social anthropological perspective

This paper, based on a pilot study, is part of an ongoing research project on rural water supplies in Southern Africa. Research of this nature aims at bridging the gap between some critical sociological approaches which ignore social practice, and biomedical research which is at times inclined to focus, for instance, on particular diseases without locating the diseases within the political economy of Southern Africa. Macro‐scale sociological explanations of poverty and the diseases associated with lack of development need to be meshed with micro‐scale research at village level in order to obtain a realistic perspective of rural life which can inform social practice. The relationship between preventative medicine and development is emphasized.     

皖北地区社会主义新农村建设主要成就、存在问题及对策分析

皖北地区新农村建设开展以来通过物质文明、精神文明和政治文明建设,大大促进了农村经济发展。但目前农村干部素质、农村集体经济、农村基础设施和农村社会事业等方面还存在与新农村建设不相适应的地方。因此本文主张通过发展生产、农村提高干部素质、转变政府职能、发展农村社会事业等多种措施来加强皖北地区社会主义新农村建设。     

推崇还是诋毁:财富认同的城乡差异

缩小城乡物质财富差距是实现共同富裕的中心议题。理解城乡居民对财富的认同差异及其根源，对于促进共同富裕并改善宏观政策的包容性与精准性具有重要意义。利用中国社会状况综合调查（CSS）2017年问卷数据进行实证分析，结果表明：相对于城市居民，农村居民对于财富获得更多地表现为"推崇"，认为已有财富获取主要来自于个人的努力；城市居民则更倾向于"诋毁"，认为财富主要来源于社会不公平或个人行为的不道德。究其原因，在于城市的社会复杂性及其社会信任体系的瓦解，使得城市居民更加怀疑其他人财富获得的正当性和合法性。进一步研究表明，公平感知的增强能够有效提高人们对财富获得表现为"推崇"的概率。文章认为，在城乡融合发展进程中，应保持财富分配的合法性和公平性，警惕信任危机以及由此引发的社会经济问题，从而促进共同富裕的新发展进程。     

The political economy of social democratic economic policies: the Pasok experiment in Greece

This article looks at the political economy of social democraticeconomic policies. It focuses on those policies that seek toextend democracy to the social and economic spheres and examineswhy such experiments have met with limited success in the past.It compares external constraints on the viability of such policies,such as the freedom of capital movements and globalization,with internal constraints. Since social democratic policiesrely on promoting coordination and cooperation between economicagents and groups, it is argued that an important, but oftenneglected, internal constraint is the extent to which socialdemocracy can draw upon, or, if they are lacking, foster thoseinstitutions within society which promote coordination and cooperation.The paper examines in detail the social democratic experienceof PASOK in Greece and draws some conclusions for the widerrelevance of the future viability of social democratic economicpolicies.     

经济增长与政策转型——论新时期发展方向及社会科学研究

文章从国史与国际角度考察中国发展方向,着眼经济增长与政策转型核心问题,并探讨有关社会科学研究及其中国特色。1978年摒弃“以阶级斗争为纲”的历史转变,彻底实现了“经济国家”使命并借助改革开放取得经济成就。但目前面临的重大社会课题（包括社会公平、政府结构及其经济职能蜕变等）亟需深入研究。国家总体公共政策正面临从“以经济建设为中心”走向更高阶段的新的转折。经济仍然是不能取代的重要基础,但各项政策规划需要尽快向社会经济平衡发展模式转变。在马克思主义政治经济学及科学社会主义指导下有关人的发展经济学研究,可成为中国社会科学的一大特色。     

Understanding 20 Years of Change in West-Central Nepal: Continuity and Change in Lives and Ideas

Research into the political economy of agrarian change was undertaken in 1974–75 in West-Central Nepal, as part of a wider study of the effects of road construction in the region. The field research centered on a comprehensive income and expenditure survey of 667 rural households. An explanatory framework was developed in which class analysis was combined with dependency theory. Few signs were found of a dynamic which might lead to capitalist development in the rural (or urban areas) of the region. In a book, Nepal in Crisis, based on this fieldwork, this analysis was generalized to Nepal as a whole. A re-survey of rural households in the same region in 1997–98 confirmed that, indeed, very little capitalist development had taken place, and that the disposition of rural households within the social classes and forms of production identified 20 years before had remained remarkably stable. The paper examines the significance of continuity and change both in theoretical approaches and in the dynamics of change affecting the lives of local people.     

农村劳动力转移对我国农村经济发展的影响

农业劳动力转移,可以降低农业生产总成本,增加农民收入,发展农村经济,也在一定程度上提高了劳动力自身的素质,是解决当前“三农”问题的一条主要渠道。但由于我国目前法律制度不完善,社会保障体系不健全,导致农村劳动力转移过程中出现许多阻碍经济发展和社会不公平现象。如何解决这些问题,对促进农村经济发展,提高农民生活水平及对统筹城乡经济社会发展,全面建设小康社会,构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要意义。     

欠发达地区农村社会保障问题初探

农村社会保障制度建设,是我国社会保障体系的一个重要组成部分,直接关系到九亿多农民的切身利益,关系到农村经济体制改革的深入进行,关系到国家的安定。目前,我国仍有相当部分农村属于欠发达地区,搞好欠发达地区的农村社会保障制度建设,将直接影响我国农村经济和社会的发展进程,意义重大。     

城市化进程下的上海市农村经济组织研究

农村经济组织作为农村市场的主要参与主体，是推动农村社会、经济快速发展的主力军。对于上海市来说，农村经济组织的发展研究必须放在城市化的进程中，纳入市场经济体系，并采取相应的对策。文章分析了城市化进程中农村经济组织的发展特点和存在的问题，最后提出了明确界定产权、搞好政策协调、加强专业合作和引入股份合作制等对策。     

城市倾向经济政策对农民收入的影响——基于河南省县域截面数据的实证分析

由于城乡之闽发展绩效的差异，为经济增长而竞争的地方政府，存在着实施城市倾向经济政策的制度激励，忽视了农村经济发展，这对农民收入产生了严重的负面影响。文章使用河南省108个县（市）截面数据建立计量模型。研究表明，加大投资力度或增加社会总投资中农村投资所占的份额，都对增加河南县域农民收入有显著正向影响。     

改革视域中的新型农村民生模式初探

农村民生模式是经济生活、政治生活、文化生活、社会生活相互兼容的"四位一体"模式。我国经济改革——政治改革——文化改革——社会改革逐步演进的路径,造就了农村民生的梯级发展模式。农村经济模式的困境削弱了农村民生的物质基础,弱势政治生活割裂了农村民生的内涵,文化生活的匮乏影响了农村民生质量的提高,配套措施的不健全弱化了政府民生政策的实效。因此,必须改革创新农业发展模式,夯实民生物质基础;强化农村政治生活,升华民生的内涵;探索经农村文化发展路径,升华农村民生层次,完善结构性保障措施,构建"四位一体"的新型农村民生模式。     

政治文化视阈下徽州地区城乡治理嬗变

中国传统政治文化,发轫于夏商周,源远流长历经数千年,近现代以来虽历经种种冲击,但对于当代中国政治文化的发展仍影响深远。当今,徽州地区传统政治文化的发展也迫切需要日益融入更加积极的文化成分和观念要素,并找到与徽州政治发展现状相容并能有效促进中国政治持续发展的政治文化。这就要求政治文化的构建拥有足够的政策文化基础,从而能构建稳定而明确的体系文化。徽州地区理性面对传统政治文化并从中寻求支持,是构建当今在城乡基层治理中政治文化的重要途径。     

健康冲击、社会资本与农户经济脆弱性——基于“CHIP2013”数据的实证分析

健康人力资本在农村经济中发挥着重要作用,农户健康受损时,会通过"劳动效应"、"挤占效应"和"情感效应"影响其经济脆弱性,而社会资本作为一种非正式机制,在血缘、地缘与业缘关系的连接下,通过及时获取信息与资源等对农户经济产生影响。文章利用"中国家庭收入调查2013"数据实证分析了健康冲击和社会资本对农户经济脆弱性的影响及作用机制。通过倾向得分匹配（PSM）和处理效应模型解决内生偏误问题、建立中介效应模型后,回归结果显示：健康冲击会通过挤占效应和情感效应两条渠道机制对农户经济产生负向影响,社会资本分项指标则通过信任渠道机制对农户经济产生正向影响;男性户主更易因遭受健康冲击而陷入经济脆弱困境,处于劳动年龄的户主在利用社会资本缓解经济脆弱性方面更具优势;而社会资本在缓解健康冲击对农户经济脆弱性中的作用并不显著,一个可能的原因是在农村社会中,社会资本等非正式机制逐渐被正式医疗保障机制所替代。在稳健性检验中,构造基于预期贫困定义的贫困脆弱性指标（VEP）进行替换变量回归,进一步证实所得结论。文章的政策涵义在于,应加强对于农户健康风险的管理,并重新挖掘社会资本在农村经济发展中的作用,从而缓解经济脆弱性,阻断贫困。     

农村土地流转后土地保障功能如何存续

土地保障是农村传统的保障方式，长期以来，在农村社会保障中占有重要地位。但随着城市化进程的加快，土地保障功能持续弱化。由于缺乏正规社会保障，失地农民、农民工及农业劳动者社会保障形势严峻。但是目前我国农村还不具备建立全面社会保障的现实基础，农民社会保障还不能完全脱离土地保障，土地保障仍然是中国转型期发展和稳定的需要。因此，文章将土地流转与土地保障功能存续联合构架，针对失地农民、农民工和农村务农人口三大群体，通过土地流转补偿方式的设计实现土地保障功能的存续。     

论科学发展观视野下三峡库区文化产业发展模式的创新

在科学发展观的指导下创新三峡库区文化产业发展模式,大力发展文化产业,对于推进库区经济、政治、社会、文化的全面协调发展具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。结合三峡库区文化产业发展模式的现状与特点,我们必须从文化产业发展的内部经济环境、外部体制环境、特色精品打造、科技支撑等方面进行创新,打造具有三峡库区特色的文化产业发展模式,切实使文化产业成为三峡库区新的支柱产业和经济增长点,以促进库区的繁荣稳定。     

Espen Moe,Governance, Growth and Global Leadership: The Role of the State in Technological Progress, 1750–2000

Abstract

The concept of the ‘dissolution of estate society’ (standssamfunnets opplesning) has not been much used in Norwegian historical research. The great process of social change which took place in the 19th century, the main features of which have their counterparts in the social development of the other Scandinavian countries, has been discussed within other conceptual contexts. Norwegian historians have often stressed the contrast between an urban society and an agricultural society based on self-sufficiency, or between the people and their administrators. In economic history the changes which came with industrialization, and the shift from an agricultural economy based on self-sufficiency to an agricultural economy based on buying and selling, have been the subject of much research. In social and political history the subjects which have aroused the greatest interest have been the struggles of the farmers as well against the bureaucracy as against the commercial capitalism of the towns, and the role of the farmers in the movement towards political democracy.     

Social Movements Beyond the Iron Cage: Weak Ties in Territorial Development

The incentives and governance system of organizations are important in explaining how they behave in localized development processes. This article builds on the observation that the literature on territorial development does not generally address the action of social movements. At the same time, research on social movements rarely studies their effects on the territories in which they act. This text is a contribution to fill this gap. It compares two social movement organizations: a trade union federation and a credit cooperative system operating throughout southern Brazil. Both organizations share common origins and social bases, yet their impacts on territories have been quite different. The analysis focuses on the social ties that link trade unions and cooperatives to their territories to show that governance systems may explain the performance of each organization, especially with regard to their capacity for innovation.     

新农村建设背景下河北省小城镇发展战略研究——兼以保定市知名小城镇发展经验为例

小城镇的发展是实现社会主义新农村建设的一个重要方面,它在改变城乡二元社会结构,促进地方经济发展,带动城乡劳动力和人口转移等方面发挥着重要的作用。文章分析了在建设社会主义新农村的大背境下,河北省小城镇在数量、经济、基础设施等方面的特点及问题,并提出小城镇的未来发展战略。     

数字经济赋能城市绿色高质量发展的效应与机制研究

伴随着新一代信息技术革命的飞速发展,以互联网、大数据、区块链、人工智能为代表的数字经济蓬勃兴起,已逐渐成为推动我国经济社会进步的重要引擎。在此背景下,如何借助数字经济的发展推动中国城市走向创新驱动、绿色发展的新模式,是当前亟待进行理论阐释与实证研究的重要课题。基于此,文章使用2011—2019年中国254个地级及以上城市的面板数据,在剖析数字经济自身特征的基础上,从边际效应和作用机制两方面提出了数字经济赋能城市绿色高质量发展的理论假说,并运用多种计量模型对上述假说进行实证检验。结果显示,数字经济对于城市绿色高质量发展具有显著的促进作用,且在数字经济发展水平越高的地区,数字经济对于城市绿色高质量发展的促进作用越强,在一定程度上印证了"数字鸿沟"效应的存在。数字经济通过产业结构优化效应、创新能力激发效应和公众认知能力提升效应三重机制赋能城市绿色高质量发展。这些结论在多种内生性和稳健性检验后依然成立。本文所进行的相关研究在理论上有助于解析数字经济对城市绿色高质量发展的作用机理与特征,实践上有助于中国政府充分利用数字经济赋予的时代机遇,加快中国城市发展方式的创新驱动、绿色转型和打造创新、智慧、生态、美丽的新型城市。