家庭贫困与增长:基于代际传递的视角

家庭贫困具有代际传递特征,影响贫困代际传递的家庭因素包括父母素质与父母受教育程度、性别与营养投资、基因遗传与疾病等,家庭外部因素包括文化背景、机会平等与政策制度等.为阻隔贫困代际传递,必须消除妇女儿童贫困.促进性别平等,实施积极的教育反贫战略,提升贫困群体的社会资本.     

贫困文化在农民工及其子女群体中的代际传递及影响

本文关注点是在城市化的大背景下贫困文化在农民工与子女之间的代际传递以及对于流动儿童的影响.作者对流动家庭及其生活环境、社会参与、流动人口个人心态等方面进行了相关的研究.通过调查流动儿童的升学、就业情况,与父辈的情况进行对比,研究贫困文化在流动人口中的代际传递的渠道和方面:个人心态以及价值观、家庭条件、社会交往、社会参与程度、社区环境等,并在对调查所获得的信息和数据进行整理和分析的基础上,运用相关的社会学理论,对抑制贫困文化在流动人口中的代际传递,促进流动儿童向上流动提出合理建议.     

中国的经济增长、收入不平等与贫困的变动:1981——2001——基于城乡统一框架的分析

本文利用世界银行公布的我国城乡家计调查加总数据,通过Son(2003)提出的四要素贫困分解方法,在城乡统一的框架下实证分析了我国20世纪80年代以来城乡收入增长、收入分配的变化以及乡—城人口流动在我国总体贫困变动中的作用,并特别考虑了不同贫困线和贫困指数对于实证结果的影响。分析结果表明,除了城乡收入增长外,乡—城人口流动是减少贫困的主要动力;不平等程度的提高会降低经济增长的减贫效果,但乡—城人口流动在1990年代后期的减贫贡献趋于提高,在很大程度上弥补了不平等和城乡收入非均衡增长的负面效果。     

贫困、不平等和农村非农产业的发展

本文利用农村家庭户的调查数据，从微观经济学的角度出发，研究了中国农村非农产业对农村地区收入不平等和贫困的影响。我们首先利用计量经济学方法，模拟家庭在不参与非农业活动情况下的收入水平，然后比较参与和不参与非农业活动两种情况下的收入分布。结果表明，非农业生产活动一方面缓解了农村地区的收入不平等状况，另一方面显著降低了农村的贫困化程度。缩小了贫困户间的收入差距，改善了最贫困户的收入水平。     

贫困、不平等和农村非农产业的发展

该文利用农村家庭户的调查数据,从微观经济学的角度出发,研究了中国农村非农产业对农村地区收入不平等和贫困的影响.我们首先利用计量经济学方法,模拟家庭在不参与非农业活动情况下的收入水平,然后比较参与和不参与非农业活动两种情况下的收入分布.结果表明,非农业生产活动一方面缓解了农村地区的收入不平等状况,另一方面显著降低了农村的贫困化程度,缩小了贫困户间的收入差距,改善了最贫困户的收入水平.     

临海家庭贫困类型分析

在临海地区整体走向富裕的同时,部分临海家庭正挣扎在贫困线上。目前临海家庭贫困主要表现为认知观念性贫困、社会风险性贫困、临海社会转型性贫困、临海经济开发型贫困和家庭结构性贫困等五大类型。家庭贫困是家庭自身原因与社会原因综合作用的产物。在消除、减少临海家庭贫困存在宏观的社会原因同时,更需要依据具体贫困家庭的具体贫困成因的不同,采取针对性的应对策略。     

中国居民家庭收入分配的收入代际流动性

本文利用微观调查数据分析了城乡家庭父母对子女的代际收入影响,并探讨了不同收入水平家庭的代际流动差异。研究结果显示,父亲对女儿收入水平的影响高于儿子,母亲的收入水平对儿子和女儿并没有明显影响差异;城镇居民家庭的收入流动性高于农村居民,并且随着收入从低到高分布,代际收入流动性呈上升趋势,而农村低收入家庭群体具有明显的贫困持续性现象。因此,消除户籍等流动障碍,提供平等的教育机会能够有效提高社会流动性。     

社会资本的作用随市场化进程减弱还是加强？——来自中国农村贫困的实证研究

在市场化转型的过程中，社会资本作为一种非市场力量，它的作用会随着市场化进程减弱还是加强？本文以农村贫困为例，研究了市场化如何影响社会资本的作用。本文发现：（1）社会网络和公共信任能显著地减少贫困，而且在社区层面的作用尤其明显；（2）随着市场化程度的提高，社会资本减少贫困的作用总体上来说会减少，其中，家庭层面的社会网络的作用减少得尤其显著，而社会层面的社会资本的作用却不会显著下降。     

社会资本的作用随市场化进程减弱还是加强?-来自中国农村贫困的实证研究

在市场化转型的过程中,社会资本作为一种非市场力量,它的作用会随着市场化进程减弱还是加强?本文以农村贫困为例,研究了市场化如何影响社会资本的作用。本文发现:(1)社会网络和公共信任能显著地减少贫困,而且在社区层面的作用尤其明显;(2)随着市场化程度的提高,社会资本减少贫困的作用总体上来说会减少,其中,家庭层面的社会网络的作用减少得尤其显著,而社会层面的社会资本的作用却不会显著下降。     

中国老年家庭的经济脆弱性与贫困

利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)2006和2009年的面板数据测度了老年家庭的经济脆弱性,检验各因素对经济脆弱性和贫困的相对影响力。老年家庭的经济脆弱性高于贫困;户主特征和家庭变量不同程度地影响到了经济脆弱性及贫困,代际间向上流动的私人转移支付对老年家庭的经济脆弱性和贫困没有作用;超过24%的非贫困家庭是经济脆弱性家庭;期望效用的脆弱性(VEU)方法表明,不平等虽然减少了脆弱性,但其影响经济脆弱性的力量最小,不可解释的风险是最重要的因素,异质性风险和协同性风险的力量居中。     

医疗卫生基本公共服务的城乡差距及均等化路径

当前,我国城乡之间的医疗卫生服务不均等已成为一个重要的社会问题。本文通过医疗卫生费用和医疗卫生资源的城乡数据分析得出城乡之间的医疗卫生公共服务差距巨大,并通过2000—2008年城乡医疗保健费用的泰尔指数分析,发现城乡组间对城乡医疗卫生公共服务差距的贡献基本上在80%以上,几乎是组内差距贡献的4倍,而从两组的内部差距来看,农村内部的不均等程度要稍高于城市内部的不均等程度,根据分析结果并从财政向农村医疗卫生的投入倾斜、城乡医疗保险制度的整合、医疗体制的深化改革等方面就如何促进医疗卫生公共服务城乡均等化进行探讨。     

Do inward looking trade policies affect poverty and income inequality? Evidence from Indonesia's recent wave of rising protectionism

Unlike previous studies which often focus on trade liberalisation, this paper examines the impact of protectionism in the form of import tariffs and mineral export taxes on rural and urban poverty and income inequality for the first time. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model on Indonesia, mineral export taxes were found to adversely affect urban and rural poverty but income inequality hardly changed as the decline in income in the higher income group is not significantly different to the decline in low income groups. However, if smelters for mineral ore are developed, then there is not only a fall in poverty, more so for the rural than urban, but there is some decline in income inequality. On the other hand, although the current imposed import tariffs do not affect poverty or income inequality, any further increases from the current low average MFN applied rates, will see a rise in rural and urban poverty and income inequality. By and large, any small improvements in the trade balance brought upon by the mineral tax and import tariffs are more than outweighed by the substantial decline in real household consumption expenditure due to falls in employment and wages, thereby leading to a fall in GDP growth.     

Modeling migration barriers in a two-sector framework: A welfare analysis of the hukou reform in China

The present paper constructs a two-sector labor market model for China featuring endogenous internal labor mobility and heterogeneous costs of migration induced by the Chinese household registration system (hukou). The main novelty of our model is to divide migrants into those with more family responsibilities and those with fewer to explain the empirical fact that almost all young people with rural hukou have migrated to cities, while people who stay in the rural area are older and have more family responsibilities. We conduct two policy experiments using the model: one experiment concerned with reducing costs of living for younger migrants and the other for older migrants. The main results are that the first policy would unambiguously increase social welfare, while the reduced-cost policy for older migrants would reduce poverty and inequality although some urban natives may experience a wage reduction.     

本地非农就业、外出务工与中国农村收入不平等*

随着巨大的经济和社会变革,中国的收入不平等程度发生了巨大变化。依据CHIP家庭微观调查1988-2007年的数据,使用基尼系数分解以及非参数分解等多种方法,本文试图对本地非农就业、外出务工等不同类型的家庭从业模式与农村收入不平等的关系进行较为全面的探讨。研究得出了一些有价值的结论：首先,从整体的收入分布来看,早期的农村地区的发展更多伴随着不平等程度提高,而后期经济增长则带来更多福利改善;其次,家庭主要非农收入来源是本地非农就业,外出务工所得具有缩小收入差距的作用,而本地非农就业则具有扩大作用,随着时间推移其作用程度也有所改变;最后,经济增长成果惠及不同群体,但并非平均分配,不同群体获益情况不同,增长和不平等通过作用于不同类型家庭影响到最终的收入分布。     

IMPACT OF GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION ON POVERTY IN MADAGASCAR

Poverty in Madagascar has increased between 1962 and 1980 both in the rural and urban areas based on a comparison of some poverty measures, but decreased based on others. However, it remains predominantly a rural phenomenon. Distributional inequality is the major determinant of the variation in rural poverty, while the changes in urban poverty are due to the lack of economic growth. Thus, the urban bias introduced in government policies in the mid-1970s was not justifiable on strictly poverty-reduction grounds. A reduction of sectoral disparities would have led to a significant reduction of aggregate poverty.     

Poverty, Growth, and Redistribution: a Study of Iran

The paper examines changes in the extent of poverty in Iran in the period 1983 to 1993. More specifically, it investigates the contributions of growth and redistribution factors to changes in poverty over this period of ten years. The analysis is based on household‐level data relating to three Household Income and Expenditures Surveys of 1983, 1988, and 1993. The study reveals that the extent of poverty in the rural sector declined slightly, whereas in the urban sector it increased significantly. Decomposition of changes in poverty into growth and redistribution components indicates that in each sector the redistribution component was positive, implying that the deterioration of income inequality contributed to the worsening of poverty. The growth component, however, affected the two sectors differently: it contributed to a reduction in poverty in rural areas and an increase in urban areas.     

Is there a role for caste and religion in food security policy? A look at rural India

This paper finds that factors such as caste and religion influence food security at the regional level. Thus defining affirmative action within food security programs may be necessary as the current practice of designing food security programs around the poverty line is shown to deliver limited results. In this regard, another lack of consideration is region-specific analysis within the rural areas which shows varied influence, thereby cautioning against a ‘one size fits all’ general policy of the central government. Evidence also shows that socio-economic factors and social assistance programs had different impacts on calorie gap depending on one's nutritional status. This nonlinear relationship has been neglected in most studies on food security and thus raises doubt on past assessment and policy implications.     

The impact of the Indonesian income tax reform: A CGE analysis

This study evaluates the impacts of Indonesia's recent income tax reforms on key macroeconomic variables, as well as the impacts on poverty and income distribution. It was found that the reductions in personal income tax and corporate income tax increase economic growth under a balanced budget assumption. The policy reforms also lead to a small reduction in the incidence of poverty. However, the policies also lead to an increase in income inequality because the tax cut is more beneficial to households in the highest income categories. It is recommended that future tax cuts should target the urban and rural poor.     

中国农村信息化发展态势及其区域差异

新的信息技术(ICTs)社会扩散的不均等性成为地区信息化发展的障碍之一,这种不均等不仅体现在城乡之间,广大农村地区的差异亦非常显著。作者从农村信息基础设施发展、农村网民发展、涉农网站建设等角度出发,通过宏观与中观区域视角剖析了农村信息化的时空演变特征。研究发现,固定电话、电视机与移动电话普及率的东、中、西差异不明显,而家用电脑普及率的区域差异最大,说明家用电脑拥有率是造成农村信息化区域差异的主要因素。农村网民主要集中在东部地区,且增长速度高于中西部地区,农村网民的东西差异会继续增大。从中观省域层面上,农村信息基础设施拥有情况与居民纯收入呈明显正相关,并且家用电脑拥有水平与收入相关性最高。